Race Is Real Essay

In society, people socially construct institution based on sensory perception. Race is in fact a social construct made from systems of constitutive rules. It is used to generalize people into specific groups characterized by supposedly distinctive and universal physical characteristics. Although humans have created this entity, there are many sources that provide proof that race is impossible to define biologically. Since colonization began, humans have been given racial identities which continue to cause uproar in nations and states. People simply assuming the existence of race makes it real. Despite this, the assumption of the existence of race does not make it valid. Race cannot be objectively specified, and it should be seen as a whole. There is only one human race. D’Andrade classifies a constitutive rule as â€Å"an entity created by the social agreement that something counts as that entity† (91). A simple understanding of a constitutive rule is a rule that exists only because society believes in it, and adheres to it. Marriage is a clear example of how constitutive rules create a social entity; it exists solely on the fact that a culture agrees that it exists, and agrees on the general guidelines in which it exists. Generally speaking, constitutive rules rely on people’s adherence and shared thoughts to exist. D’Andrade explains the differences between constitutive and regulative rules. Regulative rules are those which provide guidelines and restrictions for existing forms of behavior. A regulative rule is not involved with the creation or elimination of an entity, whereas a constitutive rule does exactly that through social agreement. D’Andrade said that â€Å"Institutions are systems of constitutive rules. Every institutional fact is underlain by a system of rules of the form ? X counts as Y in context C'† (91). In this formula, X is the ideas that a culture believes in, Y represents the institutions and rules that those ideas count as, and C is the specific situation or culture. Constitutive rules define situations and/or subjects that have an effect on the reactions which come from the situation itself. The entity of family is an example of this. The systems of ideas that make up what we consider family are constitutive rules. Families can be classified into different categories including immediate and biological families, teams/teammates, religious groups, organizations and/or clubs. In this example, C is considered the American culture and the different ideas of what makes up a family is X. Although many believe family to be biological, even the boundaries of that can be argued. The considerations of family types are indistinguishable throughout the world. Those involved within families, especially close immediate families tend to pursue and enjoy a contented lifestyle. Many families strive to be involved with those within the family and help out one another. This positive involvement can also be seen within a team or organization of some sort that may grow to call themselves a family. Since it is socially constructed, the exact definition of family is hard to create and so all these groups may be considered family. Although a family is usually viewed as a positive aspect in one’s life, just like other constitutive rules, they are overlooked because they are too involved within the cultural aspect. After extensive research, it has been proven that race cannot be biologically defined. In general, people categorize people within a certain race depending mainly on their skin color, the construction of their eyes and even the color of one’s hair. These characteristics are arbitrary. In attempts to prove this, Jared Diamond wrote the article â€Å"Race without Color. † He arbitrarily chooses the gene that causes sickle-cell anemia. By using this way to classify people, Greeks, Thai and New Guineans would be put together as once race, and some Africans and Norwegians in another racial group (84). Classifying people into certain races is not biologically acceptable or possible to do objectively. It only creates views about others through our own eye, and leads to subconscious differentiation and discrimination. However, it is common today for people to use race as a simple way to categorize people. Considering all of the different classifications, Diamond, along with many anthropologists suggests, â€Å"one cannot recognize any human races at all. † It is given through anthropologists’ studies that rules that separate races from one another are constitutive rules. A socially constructed institution is only possible through the thoughts and ideas of those within a society. Race continues to be one of these examples, although it is known through facts and research that race is not properly appraised. In American culture every one has been subjected to the question of their race at one point or another. While taking exams or signing up for SATs here in America, people are questioned about their racial back rounds. This shows that race is real. Another example is seen in â€Å"Hotel Rwanda. † In the film, although the Hutus and Tutsis are from the same nation and seem physically identical to one another, there was bloodshed amongst these two races because of socially constructed identities. Race has evolved as a worldview and system of perspective. Race creates a body of prejudgments that distorts our ideas about differences between humans. The simple existence of two races in Rwanda made it so that the groups of people perceived differences and problems between them. Regardless of ideas and falsely created identities, race is real and should be viewed as a whole. A great example of the reality and issues of race within our society date back to the Rodney Glen King incident which took place in Los Angeles in 1991. During the month of March, Rodney King led police on a high speed pursuit though red lights and stop signs. After eventually stopping, police proceeded towards the car and threw King to the ground. The police officers claim he resisted arrest and was continuously stuck with batons, tackled and even tasered. George Holiday, a private citizen video taped this incident from his apartment, creating an international media sensation. In 1992, the officers were acquitted by a jury. The acquittal was based in part on a 13-second segment of the video tape. The jury verdict created massive rioting in LA for four days. By the time order was able to be restored, an estimated $1 billion in damage, with â€Å"55 deaths; 2,383 injuries; more than 7000 fire responses; 3,100 businesses damaged† (Smith, Anna Deavere). Smaller riots ensued in other U. S. cities. After the riots occurred, federal charges of civil rights violations were brought up against the officers. Two of the officers were found guilty and sentenced to 30 months in prison, while the other two were acquitted. During the acts of violence and riots, King had appeared in public in front of news cameras stating, â€Å"People, I just want to say, you know, can we all get along? † (Keyes. 1992) Although these acts of racial incidents occurred, in the midst of it, the one who was beaten stepped out and asked for peace and camaraderie amongst all. As described earlier, there was uproar across the country as people believed that the police involved in the attacks were initially not persecuted because racial factors. As seen in King’s quote, it is evident that he spoke in respect to racial neutrality while asking if everyone can get along. He was able to show that race is real in that simple quote. He referred to â€Å"we† as people living within this world, making them seem as a whole, as one race. As observed through this case and many others, including the most recent Jena 6 trial, race is still a factor for individuals and groups. Yet race still remains impossible to define and use. Race fits the anthropological formula for constitutive rules, â€Å"X counts as Y in context C. † Race, seen as a biological entity, is in fact a social construct made from systems of constitutive rules and is used to generalize people into certain groups. Although society views race as separate divisions among people, through scientific knowledge it is clear that human populations are not categorical, biologically distinct groups.

Hiv Film Reaction Paper Essay

The story unfolds to a freelance director of a documentary named Gil. He was tasked to document everything that covers HIV. His subjects were Heidi a prostitute, Ivy a call center agent and Vanessa a gay. So determined to finish the documentary, Gil finds no time for his girlfriend. Most of his time was spent working on the documentary. He didn’t have a hard time convincing the three to be his subjects since he tells them that they are a great help to those who needed to be informed about the disease. But as they go through shooting and editing, Heidi died, Ivy gave up and Vanessa got into trouble. Adel asked Gil why he is really so desperate to finish the documentary and why it seemed so important to him. Gil tries to keep the real reason that very hard moment. Until one day he was awakened to what Ivy has told him that she wants him to give voice to the victims of the disease then Gil ended up deciding to be just one of the subjects who would complete the story. He appeared on cam telling his audience that the documentary is about the story of the people who are trying to live despite having HIV and still sees hope. The story of Heidi, Ivy and Himself. The strong point of the film is really the screenplay which is in time and has an impact. The acting was established well since the actors suit to each of the character they portrayed. Also, it has a good cinematography. The shots and angles are just good enough to be able to leave a good impression to the audience. Seeing the film, every element is very good which leaves its audience a very positive reaction.

Personality psychology Essay

Major Constructs in Jung’s Theory Libido (the psyche’s source of energy) Persona (the masks we wear in life) Personal Unconscious (much like Freud’s notion of the unconscious) Collective Unconscious (the inherited force behind our existence) Archetypes (forms for expressing portions of the content of the collective unconscious) 8/6/2009 Personality # 1 expresses the personal and the self (note small case â€Å"s† in self) Personality #2 is more in touch with the collective unconscious Examples of archetypes Shadow (the dark side of the conscious ego or persona) Anima (the feminine aspect of the male psyche) Animus (the masculine aspect of the female psyche) The Self (the â€Å"real deal† discussed at near the end of the lecture) Jung’s theory is a theory of oppositional forces Two fundamental â€Å"Attitudes† Extraversion Introversion 8/6/2009 Four Psychic Functions Thinking Feeling Sensation Intuition Psychological Types Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Go to http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgiwin/JTypes1.htm if you are interested in exploring the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. You can take the test, read the result, and Look up what the results mean. No extra credit for doing that. Concepts pertaining to growth and development Equilibrium Free flow of energy across opposites Individuation Becoming familiar with and ability to use and synthesize all functions and other in-born capacities The Self The â€Å"mother† of all archetypes. The goal of personality development is the full realization of Self Mandala Major symbol of Self

Becoming a teacher of English in Thailand Essay

Becoming a teacher of English in Thailand - Essay Example Even the globalization has filed to make any huge impact on Thai people’s attitude towards English. English is not recognized as a status symbol in Thailand and hence it is not a compulsory subject in Thai schools. This article also provides a research study about the lives and careers of the Thai teachers of English. The research has been conducted through interview methods and the researchers interviewed seven Thai English teacher for around 3.5 hours to collect data. The research has shown that the experience of schooling has an immensely powerful effect on children, for better or worse, and that often these effects last well into later life. The research also revealed that positive experiences not only make schooling enjoyable in its own right but can often plant the seeds which lead children at school to consider teaching as a career in later life. Active teaching styles of the Thai English teachers also influenced the interviewees to opt for selecting teaching English as their career. Social, cultural and family reasons also forced these teachers to select their teaching career. (Hayes, n.d) Teaching is a stable profession with job security in a world where the changing trends in business has resulted in many people losing their jobs. The current economic crisis has affected millions of peoples around the world and many people are living in anxiety or fear of losing their jobs. But teaching is found to be one profession which is not affected by the current crisis. Nobody can underestimate the value of teaching even in a crisis scenario and hence teaching is supposed to be one of the most reputed professions in the world. As government servants, teachers had considerable job security and other benefits, which were emphasized nursing or teaching, seemed to be the choices for those who wished to continue their education close to home (Maum, 2002) â€Å"Many non-native-English-speaking teachers (NNESTs),

Was the colllapse of Muammar Qaddafi's dictatorship caused by the Essay

Was the colllapse of Muammar Qaddafi's dictatorship caused by the western world, because of the benefits they would aquire from - Essay Example However, on a closer scrutiny of the same footage, and that which lies behind the same, one can start making a discovery of an anomalous tale that casts a rather unflattering light on a number of the elites in both American and British (Western world) establishments. Over these four decades reign, different individuals from the Western world got mixed up, in one way or the other, with Gaddafi and his form of leadership. There are those who were solely in pursuit of his money and as thus not only flattered, but also sneaked to him since they were pursuing friendship with him. On the other hand, there are those (and this formed the larger group) who saw him as their enemy. The latte even went a step further to avails their resources in turning Gaddafi into assort of a 2-dimensional cartoon-like worldwide villain (Curtis 1). Those who had taken active roles in ensuring that Gaddafi's leadership crumbles were not solely politicians, but also included spies and journalists from such agenc ies as M16 and CIA, public relations (PR) firms, members of Washington think tanks, humanitarian intervention philosophers, leaders of the IRA, academics and posh left wing revolutionaries. All these groups had varied aims and this made them use this African leader in different ways. Seemingly, almost all these groups were in fear in the sense that both power and influence were slipping away from them in a hurried manner and that they were hardly certain of what was to happen next. However, this paper is geared toward availing an in-depth understanding of how the Western world had instigated the collapse of Muammar's dictatorship and how the West would benefit from the same (Watson 1). Introduction Majority of the claims from the Western world have actually painted Muammar Gaddafi to be among the evil individuals to have ever existed. On the contrary however, and in my view, Gaddafi might not have been such evil. History has it that having been at some point a poor nomad, Gaddafi ro se up strongly to overthrow a characteristically vicious pedophilic monarch. Additionally, he did fight for the rights of the poor as well as women in the Libyan society. In a global view, Muammar was on the forefront in fighting for the rights of the African continent against Western Imperialism (Roberts 1). It is even arguable that were it not for the Western propaganda machine- commonly known as the media- the accomplishments this African persona had made would have earned himself great prize including the Nobel Peace Prize, thus positioning him among the greatest leaders of the world of the century that has already had its sun setting. It is only that the media could hardly talk of the good things that Gaddafi had done, like being the very first head of state in the African continent to craft the very first true contemporary democracy as contrasted to a majority of the fake democracy representations in many other countries. Unlike the quoted democracy in nations, where only thos e with political say and the banks have the power and not the people, the Libyans truly had the power bestowed upon them. Muammar's Libya possessed a democracy superior to most of the countries in the world and this was annoying to almost all the Western nations- which could hardly bear the thought of a third world country having superior political system than that of their own. If dictatorship was anything to go by,

Virgin Group Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Virgin Group - Lab Report Example This profile majors in different areas, most of which will help in understanding the factors behind Virgin’s success. Purposely, it will provide a detailed analysis of the marketing strategies adopted by the group. In this part, the paper will give an elaboration of the pricing policy and other strategies like employee training. Further, the paper will focus on organization culture prevailing. This will include the behavior and values the group considers worth. Lastly, this report will provide a detailed analysis of the motivation the company gives to the employee hence the evident success. As it will be evident in the report, employee motivation is a key factor in Virgin Group and a determinant in the overall job of every individual employee. Richard Branson’s Profile Born in 1950, biographers document Richard Branson as one of those entrepreneurs who have realized success at a young age. As a real risk taker, Branson incepted Virgin Group at the age of 20 years. Howev er, unlike the expectations of many, he realized his goals. Worth noting, the success attribute to the group did not just happen majestically, but took the effort of the entrepreneur, through his learned skills. A common question is how this happen. Nevertheless, the platform and sequence of events and timing he had help us understand the source of success. As he initiated the group, Branson believe that in order to build one’s daily decisions and actions, it is important to belief (Branson, 2012). This is because every belief determines the action taken by an individual. On the same, it is through belief that individuals run away from actions whenever they realize an obstacle on their way. On the contrary, the entrepreneur believed that everything is achievable. From such an understanding, he used his excellent communication skill to reach out to people and sought ideas to develop his towards the goal he had. In summary, the major skills possessed by Branson that helped him meet his goals included being an optimistic thinker, which to scholars is more of an asset, a defined vision with the desire to take charge, and his drive and persistence despite challenges, which help to explain the self-motivation in him (Branson, 2012). Marketing strategies Marketing strategies contribute extensively to the results an organization realizes. As evaluation of every potential client within reach, Virgin Group has a good marketing strategy to remain competitive. It has pricing policies whereby every customer has available service in accordance to the need and affordability. It runs promotional activities and advertisements to create awareness of its available services thus increasing market share and customer base. Its distribution is widely spread all over the world by establishing outlets to reach its diverse and widely spread customers. This group has well trained employees and practices continuous training for its staff. Its services are of high quality, and they focus on each customer segment. The group is consistent in scanning the business environment. It identifies its strength and weaknesses in the business process. This helps it correct the weakness by finding out the most suitable solution. On analyzing any opportunity and/or threat within the external marketing environment, it strategizes on how to grab the present opportunity and respond to the threat (Ferrell and

Global Warming and it's effects and solutions Essay

Global Warming and it's effects and solutions - Essay Example Finding new sources for electricity is one of the most important ways to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. Currently in the United States we use several methods to produce electricity. These include coal, oil, nuclear power, geothermal energy, hydroelectric power, wind power, and solar power, among others. Coal is used more than all the other methods. Burning coal produces huge amounts of carbon dioxide, and in order to stop global warming, the use of coal has to stop, or at least be greatly reduced (World Wildlife Fund ,1999). The best solution is to use combinations of the safest types of power. One way to do this is to use more wind and solar power, update existing hydroelectric systems to make them more efficient, and use geothermal power when possible. Another way to reduce greenhouse gas emission is to get industries that cause the most pollution to reduce emissions and power consumption.

Stocks & Perspective of Corporate Finance Assignment

Stocks & Perspective of Corporate Finance - Assignment Example They have a 30.29% institutional ownership. In Target Corporation, institutional investors have a 28% institutional ownership. b.) In Wal-mart, institutional investors increase the share capital by 30.29%. Such a shareholding is has a material effect on the company’s retained earnings. In Target Corporation, institutional ownership has a significant portion of share capital. Institutional investors have diversified the range of investments, therefore increasing cash from investing activities. In Wal-mart, there are 15 members in the board of directors. Seven (7) of them are employees. The longest serving board of director is Douglas N. Daft while the shortest serving board of director is H. Lee Scott, Jr. In Target Corporation, there are 12 members in the board of directors. Ten (10) of them are employees. The longest serving director is James A. Johnson while the shortest serving director is Mary E.

International trade and payments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International trade and payments - Essay Example It illustrates on the point of China’s growth on the rest of the world economy. It is assumed that France is importing grapes from the world market. The supply and demand curve of the country and the world market are given by the lines D and S respectively. The world trade price is set at PW and PA is the equilibrium price of the importing price, i.e. France in this case. At price level Pw, the demand for grapes is OQ1 and the supply of grapes is OQ2. Q1Q2 accounts for the amount of shortage of grapes in the domestic market. The amount of imports is also the same for France. As the world price of grapes is lower than the French price, this implies a better off effect for the consumers as lower priced goods are available to them now. But there is a negative effect for the domestic producers. Now, they would have to produce at a lower price in order to compete with the global price. Some of them would be even compelled to leave the market. The above figure depicts how imposition of tariff affects the economy. The French government imposes tariff on imports of grapes. The world price of grapes is at Pw and on implementing tariff the price rises to Pw+t. Initially, Q1 and Q2 were the supply and demand for grapes in the world market, respectively. After tariff, Q3 and Q4 becomes the supply and demand respectively. Thus, imports shrink from Q1Q2 to Q3Q4. Imposing tariff has two beneficial effects. Firstly it adds to the revenue of the government. Secondly, it acts as a protection for the domestic producers, so that they can produce more. Effect on Consumers: Consumers in the importing country, in this case France, suffer a reduction in well being as a result of the tariff. Increase in the domestic prices of goods and services imported reduce the amount of consumer surplus in the market. Effect on Producers: Producers in France experience in well being as a result of the tariff. Increase in prices of their product in the domestic market increase their

Giordanos Operation Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Giordanos Operation Strategy - Essay Example This paper illustrates that it has been consistent in Giordano’s operation strategy and maintained its competitive pricing by having a centralized distribution center and uses outlets only for sale of garments. It extensively uses technology within its operations. Sales figures are used to forecast next day’s orders and fill the inventory at night. Keeping low inventory also helps it to react timely to changes in fashion and produce goods that meet the changing demands of the people. It, therefore, saves considerably through fast selling items and benefits are passed on to customers through quality garments that are low priced. Thus, its philosophy of ‘value for money’ has significantly contributed to its competitive success. Giordano has been quite successful with its market strategy which relies heavily on exemplary customer service and cost leadership. It has maintained its leadership position in low priced quality garments. The strategy has been very su ccessful during the financial crisis but it does not seem to be that effective when it increased its cost of garments that were trendier and catered to higher economic strata of society. Thus, in order to meet the demands of the segmented market, it introduced new label called Bluestar Exchange or BSE which were trendy and competitively priced. This has helped Giordano to be consistent with its market strategy of maintaining cost leadership. As Giordano expands its business interests into new market segment and territories, the biggest operation management challenges that it faces is that from other international brands like Zara, Gap, Espirit, Thames etc. which are already established brands in the mid and upper segment of the market. Apart from Bluestar Exchange that meets the demands of the low and mid-income group, it has introduced sister brands, Giordano Ladies and Giordano Junior that target higher end segment.

U.S. Social Identity Group and Business paper and presentation Essay

U.S. Social Identity Group and Business paper and presentation - Essay Example For them, stereotypes have been part of their culture since prehistoric days in which slavery was the norm. This paper explores some stereotypes held against Africa Americans and the effect they present on organizational behavior and productivity. Both Americans and other cultural subgroups in United States geographical areas hold stereotypes against African Americans. Largely, since White people were slave owners before the abolishment of slavery, they are the main culprits of such stereotypes. For instance, slaves were perceptibly happy and ignorant people who were ready to serve their masters. According to their White masters, they were lazy people who needed supervision from their masters in order to work productively. Of all minority groups in America, African Americans endure the worst forms of prejudice (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2010). They may fail to enjoy economic and social advantages such as lower employment rates and lower remuneration. Stereotypes affect organizational behavior and productivity in negative ways. The stereotype that African Americans require supervision to show efficiency in the workplace is misguided. It affects organizational behavior because some employees may endure victimization owing to generalization. The probable psychological effects of stereotypes on African Americans may reduce their ambition and honesty to feedback. Eventually, they may fail to demonstrate productivity because of morale issues and uncoordinated efforts at the workplace. Negative expectations and stereotypes have an unconstructive effect on performance levels (Bridges, 2008). For instance, if a stereotype advocates African Americans as less intelligent and with poor work ethic, then some Black employees who are naturally intelligent may fail to realize their work potential and become less productive. In addition, an organization may fail to employ African Americans in managerial or senior positions

Common App Essay Essay Example for Free

Common App Essay Essay How to Write a Common App Essay Entering a college calls for persistence, curiosity, articulation and talent. A common application essay will make it possible to reveal all your talents, background and acquired knowledge. Every student should be well aware of how to write such types of papers. As a rule, there is no difference for the teachers what topic you are going to choose. The only thing that really matters is that your topic is meaningful to you. How to Start a Common App Essay Starting to write such an essay is rather easy. All you need to do is focus on your keen interests, likes, preferences and talents. The term paper is not about boasting your skills or showing off. Yet, you need to point out your key advantages and background on a particular topic. Therefore, choosing an interest style of talking about yourself, basically, selling yourself is of great significance. Common App Essay Topics and Examples Describe a person you admire. Why do you want to attend this school? What is a book you love? What is an extracurricular activity that has been meaningful to you? What is your favorite sport? Who is your favorite author? Who is your favorite actor? Who is your favorite politician? How does a failure affect you? Compare decisions you made while challenging a belief Discuss a formal event Discuss an informal event Share your background What subjects are you good at? Who affects your actions in family? What is your favorite art form? Describe your ideal lecture How will you make friends with your classmates? What is the most defining event in your life? What can influence your choice? Common App Essay Outline and Format A common app essay does not have a strict outline. Nevertheless, it is supposed to be well-organized and structured. Use a traditional outline featuring such defined sections as: Introduction Body Paragraph Conclusion Read more at: dcjkhttps://studymoose.com/common-app-essay-topics

Sleep Disorders in College Students | Annotated Bibliography

Sleep Disorders in College Students | Annotated Bibliography Cukrowicz, K.C., Otamendi, A., Pinto, J.V., Bernet, R.A., Krakow, B., Joiner, T.J. (2006). The impact of insomnia and sleep disturbances on depression and suicidality. Dreaming, 16(1), 1-10. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of sleep disturbances and insomnia on depression and suicidality in a non-treatment seeking sample of college students. Results indicated that insomnia and nightmares were significant predictors of symptoms of depression, while only nightmares significantly predicated suicidal ideation. Further analysis indicated that participants with high levels of insomnia, nightmares, or both experienced differing levels of depression and suicidal ideation. The discussion elaborates on a number of different treatment implications for the findings of this study. For example, the high correlations between sleep disturbances and depression and suicidality indicates the need for patients and therapists to monitor sleep regularly as a part of the assessment process and treatment plan. In addition, sleep hygiene and daily rhythm monitoring may aid in identifying phases from each of these disorders by identifying issues of sleep (nightmares in part icular) as specific risk factors for depression and suicidal ideation. Koffel, E. (2011). Further validation of the Iowa sleep disturbances inventory. Psychological Assessment,23(3), 587-598. This study wanted to understand whether visual attention impairment contributed to the distraction that is caused by talking on cell phones while driving. The idea is that selective attention causes individuals to only to be able to focus on certain stimuli and ignores others. The fact that talking on the phone requires a certain amount of attention one cannot give their complete attention to driving. In this study, the numbers of participants were not discussed but they were volunteers who were compensated $10 an hour for their time. The studies were done in a simulated laboratory. The study cannot generalize to the population because the participants were not randomly selected. Furthermore, the study did not explain where did they got their volunteers so that is problematic, which may affect the results. This article fits into the research proposal because it explains how driving and talking on the phone can affect attention and memory. This study provided evidence that attention c annot be shared evenly because one stimulus takes more of the attention. Koffel, E., Watson, D. (2009). The two-factor structure of sleep complaints and its relation to depression and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 118(1), 183-194. This research examined the effects of cell phone usage on simulated driving. The study examined whether age had an effect on divided attention while driving and using hands free cell phone conversations. The study was conducted using a PatrolSim driving stimulator. The stimulator provided real life traffic situations and conditions. The participants in the study were 20 younger adults were between the ages of 18 to 25 years old. The study also included 20 older adults who were of the average age of 70 years old. The study also included a questionnaire about their health. Each participant conversed on the cell phone while the participants were driving. The sample size should be a little larger because it makes their results more valid and reliable. The results indicated that the distraction of the cell phone while driving equally negatively influenced older and younger adults. Surprisingly, the study showed that the reaction time was the same as the older adults when the younger adult s were on the phone as older adults, reaction time when not conversing on the phone. The research indicated when an individual gaze or stare at an object in the external environment they do not see them when they are engaging in a conversation on the phone because it diverts their attention to internal cognitive framework associated with the phone conversation. MacFarlane, J.G., Wilson, T.L. (2006). A relationship between nightmare context and somatic stimuli in a sleep-disordered population: A preliminary study. Dreaming 16(1), 53-59. This research examined the effects of cell phone usage on simulated driving. The study examined whether age had an effect on divided attention while driving and using hands free cell phone conversations. The study was conducted using a PatrolSim driving stimulator. The stimulator provided real life traffic situations and conditions. The participants in the study were 20 younger adults were between the ages of 18 to 25 years old. The study also included 20 older adults who were of the average age of 70 years old. The study also included a questionnaire about their health. Each participant conversed on the cell phone while the participants were driving. The sample size should be a little larger because it makes their results more valid and reliable. The results indicated that the distraction of the cell phone while driving equally negatively influenced older and younger adults. Surprisingly, the study showed that the reaction time was the same as the older adults when the younger adult s were on the phone as older adults, reaction time when not conversing on the phone. The research indicated when an individual gaze or stare at an object in the external environment they do not see them when they are engaging in a conversation on the phone because it diverts their attention to internal cognitive framework associated with the phone conversation. Murdock, K.K. (2013). Texting while stressed: Implications for students’ burnout, sleep, and well-being. Psychology of Popular Media Culture 2(4), 207-221. This research examined the effects of cell phone usage on simulated driving. The study examined whether age had an effect on divided attention while driving and using hands free cell phone conversations. The study was conducted using a PatrolSim driving stimulator. The stimulator provided real life traffic situations and conditions. The participants in the study were 20 younger adults were between the ages of 18 to 25 years old. The study also included 20 older adults who were of the average age of 70 years old. The study also included a questionnaire about their health. Each participant conversed on the cell phone while the participants were driving. The sample size should be a little larger because it makes their results more valid and reliable. The results indicated that the distraction of the cell phone while driving equally negatively influenced older and younger adults. Surprisingly, the study showed that the reaction time was the same as the older adults when the younger adult s were on the phone as older adults, reaction time when not conversing on the phone. The research indicated when an individual gaze or stare at an object in the external environment they do not see them when they are engaging in a conversation on the phone because it diverts their attention to internal cognitive framework associated with the phone conversation.

How To Make Money Through Internet Blogging English Language Essay

How To Make Money Through Internet Blogging English Language Essay I think world of today have best option to make money online. You can hear this word daily called blog. Blog is such thing, where you can do fast publishing work, you can do own writing and get newest things. Prospective blogs helps you in your work. It not only matter about to just helps you, but it gives you feedback of your target traffic and also to your worker through your blog. There is thousands of reason to say, but let here we discuss some important reason only, why you need to do blogging for your work? Blogging is the best way to announce some upcoming events regarding your work or your business. Since last few years, internet and blogging get popular. Through blogs you can help out your works and your targeted audience. You also helps your employees too; and you can aslo attract the person who wants to invest in your blog. Actually blog is important to execute your policy, through blog you can easily publish any information over the globe. Blogging is necessary for promoting your business while you want to Make Money Blogging form internet. You must prepare some unique content for your blog. To make your blog very popular, you should choose right topic for it. I request you to stop spamming and choose manual content creation, to create right kind of blog you just avoid copy and paste and create brand new content, or research on the subject that you want to write on. after that write topic very carefully and perfectly. Creating unique blog for internet is very important, because you will be used it for Money Blogging and you must imagine perfect subject for your blog, for choosing right subject you may need to be perfect writer to execute in your blog. Find out some brand new way to describe what you want to say, and then write down your contents each and every part carefully. One important thing to earn from blogging is to keep your audience happy, they must be happy after reading or finding some unmatched thing form your blog content. There is no any shortcut for blogging, just create unique article and publish it to your blog. You must update your blog time by time and keep your visitor to visit your blog repeatedly. Then you constant need to research for some fresh topic which is best for users end. Here I am going to explain some unique tricks for Make money blogging General programs of promoting : This is the method where you can put advertise of other firm or party to your website I request to check website called Bidvertiser, this is the best example of these kind of site. Just put some relevant advertise on your blog, if you are new to this Make money blogging. There are one important advice for beginner, in starting builds up your advertise with slow pace and just dont use much advertise on your site. If you have creative and effective ideas then it makes your easy. Actually creator of good blog doesnt say too much and this is the one of important reason to identify right blogger. Google AdSense: Once you associate to Google through Google AdSense, you get more earning, when anyone visit your blog or clicks your advertise. Google not provide huge money with Google AdSense but through time Google definitely help out to make some good kind of money. One and important thing I need to repeat, do not put only advertise to your blog, your blog should be full with unique content. It should not be to looking like get some bucks form different advertising program. Chitika: Chitika is advert that you able to put it on your blog or website. It looks likes little advet where you find in different magazine or newspaper. Chitika is same concept as Google AdSense you can also make money blogging form Chitika. Ads by Sponsor : It is one kind of open marketing, for this your blog need to be popular first. Then just decide amount of space you want to sell form you site or blog. Then do advertising with the same. For this kind of earning you just need to contact to your local market or just use forum or mail or just use twitter for that, Facebook is also relevant for that. Amazone and its Associate : Everyone knows about Amazon. This site proving option for earning money, With Amazon you are able to make some money through promoting products. Other site also has same option but Amazone has better payout than any other. Here I am going to share some best suggestion regarding to keep your site or blog alive. One and best thing about your blog is to keep your blog ready for Make Money Blogging, you must keep your blog fresh and unique. If you wish that your blog became same popular among user every time you need to update your blog content. You need to look out your blog must have unique and new thing which must be exciting for user who visits your site. Once any one visit your blog and he found that your blog is not interesting then he will never come again to your blog. And it is also not positive for your blog. So the all matter of blogging is best thing and it is good for those who want to start making money from internet but, It is not like you get money without effort, you should keep your eye on market trend and publish your blog in right way that things put you in front row of blogger. Which thing helps you to get success form your blog? Actually let me assure you that you do not need to provide too much fight for right kind of blogging because there are thousands of tricks which are available for you and you get good earning form it. Blog and blogging is also things which are related to your interest. If you dont have any interest I request you keep yourself away from blog or blogging, because without interest you are just wasting your time. I dont have any special purpose to teach you blogging but i already mention all important method which is helpful to one blogger. It depends on blogger now. Web world is not property of any one everyone has a talent and blogging is the place when you need to show it. If you are perfect about what you want to say and you say it properly to your audience your audience will hear you, and give you more traffic and success. But if you fail down to prove yourself then it is not right field for you. Few more point let me discuss to you First try with no purpose blogging : If you dont like to fail in blogging just try with no purpose blogging, I think to have a practical experience is best example and you teach lot of things rather than reading about blogging from internet articles. You must look out r u add value to internet through your blog? Your blog should be like to add value to your business, and its contain with helpful information to your audience, and it should be unique that is highest important thing. Here I also need to mention some important rules while you blogging: Your writing must be in the way of easy to understand. It should be like you talking to reader. It should not be hard to understand. Dont copy-paste to your article which is done by every niche. If you do you get less popularity form your blog, and uniqueness is necessary for your blog. You must proofread your article before posting, and assure it is perfect. It help you to find out error from your blog and you can correct it before posting it. Respond to comment in time frame. Because responding you are directly communicate with your traffic and able to understand your traffic concern. Also keep visiting others blogs. It is good thing because you need to keep your eyes to current trend and also looks to your competitor that what is the best point what type of traffic he get etc. Always focus on headlines. Stick to your headline and always create meaningful content. Link down your blog to other blog with is good in traffic and content. Never stop down when the matter come to improving yourself. Stick to interest points of reader; means deliver that like by reader. Means proper judge your blog with user inters level and modify it time by time. Let me tell you everyone, who is blogger, and earn money and keep benefit form make money blogging. As per my every blog I request you to read my blog carefully and get benefit from it. Thats all I want to say for now.

Cultural Achievements of the Italian Renaissance :: Papers

Cultural Achievements of the Italian Renaissance Humanism was a key movement in the Renaissance and had a major influence on the cultural changes and achievements. Humanists studied history; they were particularly interested in Ancient Greek and Roman civilisation, and classical works, as well as in contemporary history and politics. Although the Humanists were Catholic, their ideas were more secular - "learning emerged from the cloisterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to rejoin the human mainstream." The humanist ideas soon spread into the classroom. Previously, learning had been ecclesiastical - theocracy and theology were taught a lot - but during the Renaissance, learning became more secular. It was based upon classical culture so students studied classical authors, philosophers and mathematicians, for example: Ovia, Cicero, Livy, Plato and Aristotle. More progress could be made now that learning was not entirely based upon the church. Ideas soon spread due to the invention of the printing press in Germany in 1469; an ability to communicate to the masses quickly and reliably was a major cultural achievement. Books became much more accessible, and this in turn was a factor in many people learning to read and write. Before printing, most people were illiterate and very few books were in existence, as they had to be hand-written. Often the only book available was the Bible, which was copied out over a long period of time by a member of the clergy. Mass production of books was a very important development during the Renaissance as it meant that all the new ideas were obtainable to many more people than would have been the case, had printing not been invented. Authors of the time include Dante (poetry) and Machiavelli (prose). The famous "Book of the Courtier" by Castiglione, goes into great detail about the attributes of the ideal courtier. Some of these attributes had only come to be regarded as important during the Renaissance, due to the sudden interest in, and ideas about culture: "he should have a knowledge of Greek and Latin [and be] very well acquainted with the poetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ orators and historians".

Career of Larry Bird :: essays research papers

Some player's wish of winning a NBA Title but 'Larry Legend' won 3. Being the 5th overall pick in the 1978 NBA Draft Larry Bird played 13 seasons as a Boston Celtic, winning 3 NBA Championships in 1981, '84, and '86. He was Finals MVP twice in 1984, and '86, NBA MVP 3 straight years in 1984, ?85, and ?86, NBA All- Star for 9 straight years 1980- '89, elected to the Naismith Memorial Hall of Fame in 1998, Nine- time All NBA 1st Team 1980- '88, and Olympic Gold Medalist in 1992 with the 'Dream Team'. Born on December 7, 1956 in West Baden, Indiana, Larry Bird was raised in French Link, Indiana, he went to Springs Valley High School, and he also attended and played basketball for Indiana, and Indiana State University. Growing up Larry's family always struggled financially so Georgia and Joe Bird would often send their son Larry to live with his grandparents. In 1975 after Larry's parents had divorced his father Joe Bird committed suicide due to alcoholism and personal difficulties. Despite everything he had been through by the time he was a sophomore in high school Larry had become one of the best players in French Link. In 1976 Larry received a basketball scholarship to Indiana University where he would've played for coach Bobby Knight, but he left school after a week because he was homesick. A few months later Larry enrolled himself into Indiana State University. In his senior season at ISU Larry led the Sycamores to the NCAA Championship game where they played the Michigan State Spartans led by Larry's soon to be rival Earvin 'Magic' Johnson. Unfortunately for Larry and the Sycamores they lost to the Spartans, but Larry left ISU as the 5th highest scorer in NCAA history. Shortly before the deadline Larry finally signed with the Boston Celtics for $650,000, making him the highest paid rookie in NBA history. Larry's collegiate rival Earvin 'Magic' Johnson had also entered the NBA with the Los Angeles Lakers. Not only did they fight for the National Championship a year before, but their rookie seasons they were both in the run for Rookie of the Year. Magic may have taken the NCAA title but Larry took the Rookie of the Year award and was voted into the Eastern Conference All- Star team in the 1979- '80 season.

Knowledge Is Weakness

Knowledge is Weakness The phrase â€Å"knowledge is power† implies that with knowledge one’s potential or abilities in life will surely increase. Having and sharing knowledge is generally regarded as a basis for improving one’s reputation and thus power. In this modern sense, knowledge seems to be a positive notion that improves quality of life, but in fact through the study of biblical text it is clear that the acquisition of knowledge has not always brought positive results. In the book of Genesis, Adam and Eve were the first people to recognize that the result of knowledge is harmful and so is the â€Å"power† it brings.The consequence of knowing is not power; knowledge is a damaging force that is not all good like the modern western world believes, but rather it creates fear, weakness and makes life more difficult. Adam and Eve’s desires to know good and evil causes them to be fearful and disgraceful, not powerful like god. Adam and Eve lived in the Garden of Eden, a wonderful place where they could â€Å"eat freely out of every tree† except for the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (Gen 2. 16). Everything god created was good, and no evil existed in the Garden of Eden.Adam and Eve were specifically warned not to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil or they would die. When Eve learned from the serpent that the forbidden fruit would make her â€Å"like god† and give her â€Å"knowledge of good and evil†, they disobeyed god’s instructions. Incapable to control their hunger for knowledge, Adam and Eve ate the fruit that god specifically forbid them from enjoying. They immediately realized they were naked and when god came looking for them they hid since Adam and Eve were â€Å"afraid because [they] were naked. Adam and Eve’s actions, a direct result of their desire to know, made them afraid and shameful, not powerful. Instead of existing forever in a garden where everyth ing was good, the knowledge that Adam and Eve gained has afflicted man with fear and disgrace that cannot be undone. Adam and Eve are shunned from the Garden of Eden, and their lives become tremendously more difficult due to their unrelenting desire to know. They lived in a place where a gracious god gave them fruit to eat, and everything was good.When the serpent explained to Eve that she could be like god and know good and evil, she could not curb her desire to become â€Å"wise† (Gen 3. 6). Adam and Eve ate from the forbidden tree and gained knowledge about good and evil. God realized that Adam and Eve had disobeyed him, and he punished them severely. The punishment included being shunned from their home in the Garden of Eden. Women would now have great â€Å"pain in childbirth† and men will toil the land for their own food (Gen 3. 16).This new knowledge did not make them powerful, but instead the consequences made them weak. The lives of humans became exponentially more difficult due to the knowledge that Adam and Eve gained. Adam and Eve became weak because of their new knowledge, not powerful like western society believes is the result of knowledge. The knowledge that Adam and Eve received after eating the fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil does not give them power but has a polar opposite effect.Once they disobey god to pursue knowledge, they become fearful and weak. There is good knowledge and bad knowledge; though the modern world seems to forget the biblical example of Adam and Eve which demonstrates how dangerous the pursuit of knowledge can be. There is a dark side to knowledge, and the results that it brings can be disastrous. One must never forget the example of Adam and Eve which commands us to be aware of the knowledge that we pursue and the implications that that knowledge has.

All That Glitters Is Not Gold

e book, All That Glitters Is Not Gold, written by Benjamin Ifeanyichukwu Abugu, symbolically portrays deception. It shows that life is fragile and one should be be handled with care. Written in 19 chapters, the 152-page prose analyses the fruitlessness of promiscuity. It highlights how reckless living leads to pain and shame. Essentially, the book depicts the moral decadence of the 21st Century people, who believe in easy life and quick financial benefit. The story revolves round the major characters; Anya and his sister Blossom.Both are children of Gab Uku and Mabel from Egwuonwu who live in Lagos. Their escapades, belief, time and chance like the Biblical saying, are weighed in a balance. Anya and Blossom had lived a wayward live of watching pornographic films and fornicating. â€Å"Their inner conflicts are compounded by the scourge of HIV/AIDS, that currently threatens to destroy the entire population. † While Anya escapes the scourge, his sister falls victim. Former Miss World becomes a shadow of herself and finally dies. Anya, a newspaper reporter, has some bad habits which are controlled by his experiences.He learns from his experiences, illusions, dreams, particularly, his encounter with swindlers and robbery trial arising from his association with bad friends. Anya almost committed suicide when erroneously given a HIV positive result. His fears and conflicts are allayed after the result is corrected. From that moment, he turns a new leave. But Blossom is a former beauty queen and a campus babe. Having lived with her aunty, Eliza and husband, Chief Dike Akukamadu, a business mogul, becomes a sleeping partner to the chief.Aside living a carefree life, she is also a cultist. Her friend, Rose, introduces her to Daughters of Jezebel, the female wing of Red Atlantic cult. The cult was notorious for all manners of indecent appearance on campus, including nudity, which was regarded as the most sacred mark of the sisterhood of Jezebel. Blossom torment st arts after her escapades with Romeo, a sadist, who storms campus on a revenge mission to distribute HIV/AIDS to 50 girls. She and other fun-loving girls fall victims as a result of the dollars of Mr. Romeo.The author uses the third person narrative technique to tell the story. All that glitters is indeed gold. Had Blossom known, she would have lived a better life and she wouldn’t have wasted her beauty, talent and life just as Anya wouldn’t have been swindled. From the objects on the cover page, which sparkle like gold but are not there is a warning for everyone to beware of outward appearance because it is very deceptive as against inward virtues and qualities. The book is didactic. Its lesson is for all to beware and take time to weigh every action.It is thought provoking as many think that worldliness is the best form of living but really, it is not. The book is morally inclined. It is detached and impartial. It lays bare the evils of immorality and allows readers t o make their own judgment. Abugu has also published The Widow And The Wolves aside writing a number of articles published online @ expertscolumn. com. Born in Amachalla, Enugu-Ezike, Igbo-Eze North L. G. A, Enugu State, Abugu is a graduate of English Language from the Lagos State University. All That Glitters is Not Gold The adage â€Å"All that glitters is not gold† cautions us against forming our opinion about objects on the basis of superficial impressions. It also implies that one should try to ascertain the true nature of things and to understand the reality hidden behind their glittering facade. However, love for glamour is deeply embedded in human nature. Taking advantage of this inherent vulnerability of man to glamour, cash rich companies rope in glamorous film and sports personalities to advertise their goods and services.Soap and tooth paste used by charming actresses and dashing sportsmen sell like hot cakes. Companies' sales are boosted and consumers, particularly those of the lower middle classes, forego many necessities of life to have a taste of goodies recommended by their favourite stars. Man would read super hero stories from films and see that those are real and often fell in temptations and believe that those are great but actually those are also men. hose glitters in film s imagines him to be great but actually he is also a man among us.One would expect that our reading of such stories would make us wise and prevent us from falling prey to temptations of outward beauty. But man, weak as he is, never learns from others' experience. He often courts disaster by giving into temptations. We are repeatedly warned and alerted by the wise and the experienced not to take persons and things on their face value. The most innocent masks may hide behind them the most cunning of cheats.But very often even the wise fall prey to tricksters. Even Sita, the consort of Lord Rama, was tempted by the glitter of the golden deer she saw bounding around her forest cottage and requested Rama to bring it for her. Rama earnestly expostulated Sita to forget the deer as it might be a trap of some villain, but she was so charmed by the guiles of the deer that she pressed him to leave the Ashram in search of it. A few minutes later, Sita heard a distress call for help in Rama's vo ice.She, thereupon, requested Lakshman to go and relieve Rama from distress. Lakshman tried to convince Sita that nobody was brave enough to harm the invincible Rama, but Sita was so nervous that she forced Lakshman to leave the Ashram. In his absence, the Rakshasa king Ravana abducted Sita. It later turned out that the golden deer was actually the demon Marichi in disguise sent by Ravana to tempt Sita. Sita's temptation demonstrates the validity of the old saying â€Å"All that glitters is not gold†. All That Glitters is Not Gold The most valuable items in the world, monetary value wise, are the precious gems and metals that the rich and the famous constantly adorn themselves with. Today’s concept of value is based on tangible items that have a corresponding market value. Gold, which is the peg for most currencies in the world, is the universal currency these days. Nothing of value can be purchased, owned or possessed if it does not justify its â€Å"weight in gold†, so to speak. Yet, as the tagline of Mastercard suggests, there are those things that are â€Å"priceless.† In this world, not everything is gold and not everything that resembles something valuable has to glitter. Perhaps a perfect example would be an illustration of a personal experience of mine. I once had an opportunity to witness two lawyers working at their firm in the past. I must admit that I had certain preconceived notions of what I would see at that firm. I expected these senior lawyers to have fancy cars and flashy watches. Yet much to my surprise, they had none of those things.One lawyer regularly commuted to work while the other preferred to ride his bike to work. There were no glittering watches or pieces of jewelry. One of them could not replace his tattered briefcase with something more decent and perhaps functional. I knew from the moment I saw them that there was much more to them than that. As the day went on, I would see that they had a special touch with their clients. The fact that they knew the cases of their respective clients by heart and even the names of their children and family situation made me see them in a different light.They did not charge excessive fees and often just accepted small tokens of appreciation in return. The difference that these lawyers made was even more emphasized by an experience later that day when an opposing lawyer entered their firm. A sports car sped by the office window and anyone could see the person driving the convertible that had its top down. In his mid thirties, this young lawyer entered the firm with a certain air of authority, expecting everyone to recognize him.He had a gold watch would blind the eyes of anyone unfortunate enough to glance at it. He had platinum cuff links on his suit that were adorned with diamonds. Behind him were his assistants who were just as gaudily dressed. It turns out that they represented a large corporation that wanted these two humble lawyers to drop their case against the firm. They were prepared to offer a huge cash settlement in return. I was not surprised when these humble lawyers politely declined the offer and proceeded with the case which they eventually won for their clients.These were lawyers who were in a position to make millions of dollars yet they chose not to and instead devoted their lives to uphold the justice system of the state and of this great country. There was nothing flashy or fancy about the things that they did but I know that they have made a big difference in t his world. This personal experience of mine shows that not everything that glitters is gold; the former lawyer with all the pomp and flash that he had still resorted to underhanded tactics and eventually lost out in the end.There was no substance to this person. There was no value underneath that entire flashy exterior. The two humble lawyers, on the other hand, showed much more than their exterior would suggest. The kindness of their hearts was echoed in their actions and the time they devoted to their clients was something that was certainly worth more than any glittering watch of gold. Not everything that glitters is gold. Not everything that glitters has any value to it.Real value sometimes cannot be judged from the flashy exterior and certainly cannot be equated in today’s currency. It is the acts of kindness and selflessness that give value to things in this world, especially human beings. It is easy to be distracted by something shiny and pretty but one must always rea lize that everything material disappears in the end. All the shine will soon tarnish and fade away. Yet those intangibles that matter will never fade and will always be in the hearts of tho

Of mIce and Men, how Steinbeck creates sympoahty and animosity towards Curley’s Wife Essay

In of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, Curley’s wife sparks much debate and controversy, being an extremely important character in the book as she symbolises the gender inequality and discrimination of the period. At the start of the novella, we assume she is just a plot device, but later on find out that there is much more about her and she has a very important role in the book as being the only woman. During the 1930’s women were treated unequally to men, and weren’t treated with as much respect, which is reflected later when we realise that Curley’s wife isn’t addressed with a name. The attitude to women at the time contrasts with how gender inequality is now; women have the right to vote and they are now appreciated. The novella is set in the 1930s in Soledad, near Salinas, California. The novella was set during the American depression. Soledad, meaning loneliness in Spanish is also cleverly used as the place name of where the fictional ranch is set. This merges in with the theme of loneliness that runs throughout the novel, foreshadowing what we later find out about Curley’s wife’s life on the ranch. The Great depression was triggered by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and left millions of people unemployed. All the while people lost confidence, felt insecure and the American Dream had vanished, linking to what all the men on the ranch want, but now seems impossible to achieve. Because of the ranch being an isolated and primitive, the lifestyle was lonely. Steinbeck uses his personal experience as a ranch worker to describe how the workers felt: George says that â€Å"ranch workers are the loneliest people in the world and don’t belong nowhere†. Steinbeck also portrays loneliness through characterisation. Perhaps the loneliest character, which Steinbeck creates in the novel, is Curley’s wife. She is the only female in the ranch and although she is married, you never witness the distinct couple of Curley and his wife together. She is never really noticed, hence the sense of sexual discrimination. Section 1: Of Mice and Men is filled with tragic events which come in a crucial structure that are hinted throughout the book. In fact, even the title foreshadows the unfortunate situations that take place. â€Å"Of Mice and Men† comes from the poem by Robert Burns – To a Mouse. ‘The best-laid schemes o’ mice an’ men/ gang aft agley./ An’ lea’e us nought but grief an’ pain./ Forn  promis’d joy!’. The poem tells us that the best things always go wrong and leave you with nothing but grief and pain, this relates to the novella well because the best dream for Curley’s wife was to be in the ‘pitcures’, but because her mother took them away (she believed) her dreams was shattered and now is left in an unhappy marriage on a ranch where she doesn’t belong. The first moment that we hear about Curley’s wife is when Candy describes her in the bunkhouse, through gossip. He describes her as a sex object, sounding quite negative towards her. Steinbeck first describes her in a less judgmental way, not really showing a strong opinion of her, unlike Candy’s view which is much more frustrated and clear: ‘well i think Curley’s married†¦a tart’. When Candy describes her as a ‘tart’ and the use of an ellipsis, shows that he recoils when using such a derogatory term. The reader already pictures Curley’s wife in their head, and we immediately seem to dislike her, but also sympathise for her because she is gossiped about before the reader even meets her and can make their own decision. One of the reasons why we first hear about Curley’s wife before we meet her is because the men on the ranch all dislike Curley, and they all presume she is as mean as he is. Again, when she is introduced, an ill feeling overcomes the atmosphere indicating that Lennie will be getting into a mess with her. George states in the very beginning that he is always getting into mishaps, â€Å"You do bad things and I got to get you out,†. In the first scene, we learn that Lennie likes to stroke mice and other soft creatures, but has a tendency to kill them accidentally. This foreshadows the death of his puppy and the death of Curley’s wife. Furthermore, when George recounts that Lennie grabbed the woman’s dress in Weed and would not let go, the reader anticipates that similar trouble will arise at the ranch, especially once Curley’s flirtatious wife appears on the scene. Lennie being naà ¯ve and has limited intelligence, showing that he is somewhat childish and interprets his feelings different to how we might understand these feelings. When he describes Curley’s wife as ‘Purty’ we get the sense that he considers her on her looks alone. The vernacular language again shows that he is childlike, and makes him sound real. In society, from where the book was published up till now, the elderly are no longer useful because they aren’t as able. The shooting of Candy’s dog symbolises that there is not need for the elderly to live, representing that Lennie is the dog, because he is not as mentally  able as the other men on the ranch. Candy mirrors George- he has to suffer and has lost his partner, just like Candy lost his dog that kept Candy company, but no longer can, linking back to the idea of everyone always ending up lonely. The contrast between the first chapter and the last also shows his death because the same scene goes from the peaceful field to the violent death of the water snake at the beginning of the novella. Section 2: Throughout Of Mice and Men, we feel that a lot of the characters feel real to us. This is because of the vernacular Steinbeck uses. Curley’s wife seems to be a hard character, but might not be as strong as she would like to appear. She strives to make an impression in front of all the men, because she is the only woman on the ranch, one could interpret this like she knows that the men might be attracted to her and thinks she has an advantage. ‘She was heavily made up’ describes that she wears a lot of makeup; this makes the reader get a sense of ill feeling towards her, although whilst also feeling sensitivity for her because this could illustrate that she wears so much makeup to hide herself, and uses it as a mask. Also, she could be so made up because she still wants to imagine herself as an actress; all the stars where makeup and look magnificent. When Curley’s wife first speaks, her voice is described with having ‘a nasal, brittle quality’. The word ‘nasal’ suggests a high, whiney voice, which does not match her powerful facade and links to previous suggestions of being fake and disguising her real persona with her appearance. The fact that she feels unable to show her true self for fear of being hurt, creates sympathy in the reader. After the gossip we hear about Curley’s wife, we finally meet her. Her physical appearance of ‘full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made- up’, as well as ‘fingernail painted red’ and elaborate hair, further build on our preconceptions of her. Red, the colour of her attire and the style of her hair and makeup suggest some sexuality. Additionally, she use suggestive and provocative body language, ‘she put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward’, and her flimsy excuse to be with the men in their quarters contribute to the rancher’s view of her as a ’tramp’. She both talks and acts playfully and flirtatiously in  front of the other ranch workers. She could behave in this manner because her sexuality is her only weapon to gain attention, thus Candy’s description of her seems accurate after her first appearance in the novel. Through her physical appearance and her own actions, Candy’s description of Curley’s Wife seems accurate after her first appearance in the novel. On the other hand, Curley’s Wife’s appearance could be seen as naivety and simply youthful desire to be found attractive. Red is a primary colour therefore children are attracted to it, it is a colour children want to wear because it is bright and has an element of happiness in it. Therefore Curley’s Wife wearing the colour red may symbolise a child’s attraction to bright colours portraying her as youthful or girly. Curley’s wife is such a complex character, and we see this in the letter Steinbeck wrote to Miss Luce describing her. Steinbeck heard that Miss Luce was struggling to play the role of Curley’s wife in 1938, in the letter he included her as ‘knowing utterly nothing about sex’ and Curley’s wife is an innocent woman under all the defenses she has built up against all the comments directed to her. In of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, Curley’s wife sparks much debate and controversy, being an extremely important character in the book as she symbolises the gender inequality and discrimination of the period. At the start of the novella, we assume she is just a plot device, but later on find out that there is much more about her and she has a very important role in the book as being the only woman. During the 1930’s women were treated unequally to men, and weren’t treated with as much respect, which is reflected later when we realise that Curley’s wife isn’t addressed with a name. The attitude to women at the time contrasts with how gender inequality is now; women have the right to vote and they are now appreciated. The novella is set in the 1930s in Soledad, near Salinas, California. The novella was set during the American depression. Soledad, meaning loneliness in Spanish is also cleverly used as the place name of where the fictional ranch is set. This merges in with the theme of loneliness that runs throughout the novel, foreshadowing what we later find out about Curley’s wife’s life on the ranch. The Great depression was triggered by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and left millions of people unemployed. All the while people lost confidence, felt insecure and the American Dream had vanished, linking to what all the men on the ranch want, but now seems impossible to achieve. Because of the ranch being an isolated and primitive, the lifestyle was lonely. Steinbeck uses his personal experience as a ranch worker to describe how the workers felt: George says that â€Å"ranch workers are the loneliest people in the world and don’t belong nowhere†. Steinbeck also portrays loneliness through characterisation. Perhaps the loneliest character, which Steinbeck creates in the novel, is Curley’s wife. She is the only female in the ranch and although she is married, you never witness the distinct couple of Curley and his wife together. She is never really noticed, hence the sense of sexual discrimination. Section 1: Of Mice and Men is filled with tragic events which come in a crucial structure that are hinted throughout the book. In fact, even the title foreshadows the unfortunate situations that take place. â€Å"Of Mice and Men† comes from the poem by Robert Burns – To a Mouse. ‘The best-laid schemes o’ mice an’ men/ gang aft agley./ An’ lea’e us nought but grief an’ pain./ For  promis’d joy!’. The poem tells us that the best things always go wrong and leave you with nothing but grief and pain, this relates to the novella well because the best dream for Curley’s wife was to be in the ‘pitcures’, but because her mother took them away (she believed) her dreams was shattered and now is left in an unhappy marriage on a ranch where she doesn’t belong. The first moment that we hear about Curley’s wife is when Candy describes her in the bunkhouse, through gossip. He describes her as a sex object, sounding quite negative towards her. Steinbeck first describes her in a less judgmental way, not really showing a strong opinion of her, unlike Candy’s view which is much more frustrated and clear: ‘well i think Curley’s married†¦a tart’. When Candy describes her as a ‘tart’ and the use of an ellipsis, shows that he recoils when using such a derogatory term. The reader already pictures Curley’s wife in their head, and we immediately seem to dislike her, but also sympathise for her because she is gossiped about before the reader even meets her and can make their own decision. One of the reasons why we first hear about Curley’s wife before we meet her is because the men on the ranch all dislike Curley, and they all presume she is as mean as he is. Again, when she is introduced, an ill feeling overcomes the atmosphere indicating that Lennie will be getting into a mess with her. George states in the very beginning that he is always getting into mishaps, â€Å"You do bad things and I got to get you out,†. In the first scene, we learn that Lennie likes to stroke mice and other soft creatures, but has a tendency to kill them accidentally. This foreshadows the death of his puppy and the death of Curley’s wife. Furthermore, when George recounts that Lennie grabbed the woman’s dress in Weed and would not let go, the reader anticipates that similar trouble will arise at the ranch, especially once Curley’s flirtatious wife appears on the scene. Lennie being naà ¯ve and has limited intelligence, showing that he is somewhat childish and interprets his feelings different to how we might understand these feelings. When he describes Curley’s wife as ‘Purty’ we get the sense that he considers her on her looks alone. The vernacular language again shows that he is childlike, and makes him sound real. In society, from where the book was published up till now, the elderly are no longer useful because they aren’t as able. The shooting of Candy’s dog symbolises that there is not need for the elderly to live, representing that Lennie is the dog, because he is not as mentally able as the other men on the ranch. Candy mirrors George- he has to suffer and has lost his partner, just like Candy lost his dog that kept Candy company, but no longer can, linking back to the idea of everyone always ending up lonely. The contrast between the first chapter and the last also shows his death because the same scene goes from the peaceful field to the violent death of the water snake at the beginning of the novella. Section 2: Throughout Of Mice and Men, we feel that a lot of the characters feel real to us. This is because of the vernacular Steinbeck uses. Curley’s wife seems to be a hard character, but might not be as strong as she would like to appear. She strives to make an impression in front of all the men, because she is the only woman on the ranch, one could interpret this like she knows that the men might be attracted to her and thinks she has an advantage. ‘She was heavily made up’ describes that she wears a lot of makeup; this makes the reader get a sense of ill feeling towards her, although whilst also feeling sensitivity for her because this could illustrate that she wears so much makeup to hide herself, and uses it as a mask. Also, she could be so made up because she still wants to imagine herself as an actress; all the stars where makeup and look magnificent. When Curley’s wife first speaks, her voice is described with having ‘a nasal, brittle quality’. The word ‘nasal’ suggests a high, whiney voice, which does not match her powerful facade and links to previous suggestion In of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, Curley’s wife sparks much debate and controversy, being an extremely important character in the book as she symbolises the gender inequality and discrimination of the period. At the start of the novella, we assume she is just a plot device, but later on find out that there is much more about her and she has a very important role in the book as being the only woman. During the 1930’s women were treated unequally to men, and weren’t treated with as much respect, which is reflected later when we realise that Curley’s wife isn’t addressed with a name. The attitude to women at the time contrasts with how gender inequality is now; women have the right to vote and they are now appreciated. The novella is set in the 1930s in Soledad, near Salinas, California. The novella was set during the American depression. Soledad, meaning loneliness in Spanish is also cleverly used as the place name of where the fictional ranch is set. This merges in with the theme of loneliness that runs throughout the novel, foreshadowing what we later find out about Curley’s wife’s life on the ranch. The Great depression was triggered by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and left millions of people unemployed. All the while people lost confidence, felt insecure and the American Dream had vanished, linking to what all the men on the ranch want, but now seems impossible to achieve. Because of the ranch being an isolated and primitive, the lifestyle was lonely. Steinbeck uses his personal experience as a ranch worker to describe how the workers felt: George says that â€Å"ranch workers are the loneliest people in the world and don’t belong nowhere†. Steinbeck also portrays loneliness through characterisation. Perhaps the loneliest character, which Steinbeck creates in the novel, is Curley’s wife. She is the only female in the ranch and although she is married, you never witness the distinct couple of Curley and his wife together. She is never really noticed, hence the sense of sexual discrimination. Section 1: Of Mice and Men is filled with tragic events which come in a crucial structure that are hinted throughout the book. In fact, even the title foreshadows the unfortunate situations that take place. â€Å"Of Mice and Men† comes from the poem by Robert Burns – To a Mouse. ‘The best-laid schemes o’ mice an’ men/ gang aft agley./ An’ lea’e us nought but grief an’ pain./ For  promis’d joy!’. The poem tells us that the best things always go wrong and leave you with nothing but grief and pain, this relates to the novella well because the best dream for Curley’s wife was to be in the ‘pitcures’, but because her mother took them away (she believed) her dreams was shattered and now is left in an unhappy marriage on a ranch where she doesn’t belong. The first moment that we hear about Curley’s wife is when Candy describes her in the bunkhouse, through gossip. He describes her as a sex object, sounding quite negative towards her. Steinbeck first describes her in a less judgmental way, not really showing a strong opinion of her, unlike Candy’s view which is much more frustrated and clear: ‘well i think Curley’s married†¦a tart’. When Candy describes her as a ‘tart’ and the use of an ellipsis, shows that he recoils when using such a derogatory term. The reader already pictures Curley’s wife in their head, and we immediately seem to dislike her, but also sympathise for her because she is gossiped about before the reader even meets her and can make their own decision. One of the reasons why we first hear about Curley’s wife before we meet her is because the men on the ranch all dislike Curley, and they all presume she is as mean as he is. Again, when she is introduced, an ill feeling overcomes the atmosphere indicating that Lennie will be getting into a mess with her. George states in the very beginning that he is always getting into mishaps, â€Å"You do bad things and I got to get you out,†. In the first scene, we learn that Lennie likes to stroke mice and other soft creatures, but has a tendency to kill them accidentally. This foreshadows the death of his puppy and the death of Curley’s wife. Furthermore, when George recounts that Lennie grabbed the woman’s dress in Weed and would not let go, the reader anticipates that similar trouble will arise at the ranch, especially once Curley’s flirtatious wife appears on the scene. Lennie being naà ¯ve and has limited intelligence, showing that he is somewhat childish and interprets his feelings different to how we might understand these feelings. When he describes Curley’s wife as ‘Purty’ we get the sense that he considers her on her looks alone. The vernacular language again shows that he is childlike, and makes him sound real. In society, from where the book was published up till now, the elderly are no longer useful because they aren’t as able. The shooting of Candy’s dog symbolises that there is not need for the elderly to live, representing that Lennie is the dog, because he is not as mentally  able as the other men on the ranch. Candy mirrors George- he has to suffer and has lost his partner, just like Candy lost his dog that kept Candy company, but no longer can, linking back to the idea of everyone always ending up lonely. The contrast between the first chapter and the last also shows his death because the same scene goes from the peaceful field to the violent death of the water snake at the beginning of the novella. Section 2: Throughout Of Mice and Men, we feel that a lot of the characters feel real to us. This is because of the vernacular Steinbeck uses. Curley’s wife seems to be a hard character, but might not be as strong as she would like to appear. She strives to make an impression in front of all the men, because she is the only woman on the ranch, one could interpret this like she knows that the men might be attracted to her and thinks she has an advantage. ‘She was heavily made up’ describes that she wears a lot of makeup; this makes the reader get a sense of ill feeling towards her, although whilst also feeling sensitivity for her because this could illustrate that she wears so much makeup to hide herself, and uses it as a mask. Also, she could be so made up because she still wants to imagine herself as an actress; all the stars where makeup and look magnificent. When Curley’s wife first speaks, her voice is described with having ‘a nasal, brittle quality’. The word ‘nasal’ suggests a high, whiney voice, which does not match her powerful facade and links to previous suggestions of being fake and disguising her real persona with her appearance. The fact that she feels unable to show her true self for fear of being hurt, creates sympathy in the reader. After the gossip we hear about Curley’s wife, we finally meet her. Her physical appearance of ‘full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made- up’, as well as ‘fingernail painted red’ and elaborate hair, further build on our preconceptions of her. Red, the colour of her attire and the style of her hair and makeup suggest some sexuality. Additionally, she use suggestive and provocative body language, ‘she put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward’, and her flimsy excuse to be with the men in their quarters contribute to the rancher’s view of her as a ’tramp’. She both talks and acts playfully and flirtatiously in  front of the other ranch workers. She could behave in this manner because her sexuality is her only weapon to gain attention, thus Candy’s description of her seems accurate after her first appearance in the novel. Through her physical appearance and her own actions, Candy’s description of Curley’s Wife seems accurate after her first appearance in the novel. On the other hand, Curley’s Wife’s appearance could be seen as naivety and simply youthful desire to be found attractive. Red is a primary colour therefore children are attracted to it, it is a colour children want to wear because it is bright and has an element of happiness in it. Therefore Curley’s Wife wearing the colour red may symbolise a child’s attraction to bright colours portraying her as youthful or girly. Curley’s wife is such a complex character, and we see this in the letter Steinbeck wrote to Miss Luce describing her. Steinbeck heard that Miss Luce was struggling to play the role of Curley’s wife in 1938, in the letter he included her as ‘knowing utterly nothing about sex’ and Curley’s wife is an innocent woman under all the defenses she has built up against all the comments directed to her. s of being fake and disguising her real persona with her appearance. The fact that she feels unable to show her true self for fear of being hurt, creates sympathy in the reader. After the gossip we hear about Curley’s wife, we finally meet her. Her physical appearance of ‘full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made- up’, as well as ‘fingernail painted red’ and elaborate hair, further build on our preconceptions of her. Red, the colour of her attire and the style of her hair and makeup suggest some sexuality. Additionally, she use suggestive and provocative body language, ‘she put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward’, and her flimsy excuse to be with the men in their quarters contribute to the rancher’s view of her as a ’tramp’. She both talks and acts playfully and flirtatiously in  front of the other ranch workers. She could behave in this manner because her sexuality is her only weapon to gain attention, thus Candy’s description of her seems accurate after her first appearance in the novel. Through her physical appearance and her own actions, Candy’s description of Curley’s Wife seems accurate after her first appearance in the novel. On the other hand, Curley’s Wife’s appearance could be seen as naivety and simply youthful desire to be found attractive. Red is a primary colour therefore children are attracted to it, it is a colour children want to wear because it is bright and has an element of happiness in it. Therefore Curley’s Wife wearing the colour red may symbolise a child’s attraction to bright colours portraying her as youthful or girly. Curley’s wife is such a complex character, and we see this in the letter Steinbeck wrote to Miss Luce describing her. Steinbeck heard that Miss Luce was struggling to play the role of Curley’s wife in 1938, in the letter he included her as ‘knowing utterly nothing about sex’ and Curley’s wife is an innocent woman under all the defenses she has built up against all the comments directed to her.

US Intelligence Community: From Past to Present Essay

The US Intelligence Community can be traced back to the yearss of the 1776 Revolution. The nation’s foremost spyhead. General George Washington used undercover agents to accurately nail the motions of the British Army during the Revolutionary War. The British Army besides employed undercover agents to place possible dissenters in the largely loyalist South. The Revolution besides produced the country’s foremost cryptographer. Dr. Benjamin Church. Dr. Church posed as a member of the Boston ‘school’ while supplying indispensable intelligence about Rebel activities to General Gage. the British commanding officer of Boston. After his assignment as head sawbones of the Continental Army. he continued to supply necessary information to the British. Dr. Church place was compromised after Samuel West deciphered a missive the former sent to the British. Dr. Church was sent into expatriate. What by and large struck me was the engagement of Benjamin Franklin in spy games. Franklin became the head of the country’s foremost formal intelligence-gathering bureau – the alleged ‘Committee of Secret Correspondence. ’ This bureau was formed in 1775 with the primary end of garnering information about sentiments towards the Revolutionary War in Europe. However. the bureau extended its authorization. It authorized its ‘employees’ to utilize necessary methods in ‘influencing support for the Revolution in Europe. ’ Franklin. through a secret dialogue. asked France to supply Gallic military personnels. France offered both its ground forces and naval forces to back up the American revolutionists. After the Revolution. the American Intelligence Community adopted an isolationist stance. The bureau became one of the primary organisations tasked to the edifice of a state. Espionage was viewed as a tool for defence – ne'er a public-service corporation for increasing colonial influence. As a consequence. the Gallic. Spanish. and British had small problem larning American activities. During the War of 1812. US governments were able to nail British motions in the continent ( and the purpose of firing Washington ) . However. no one knew how to utilize the procured information. American intelligence was awkward and supra-inefficient. The first major spring in the development of a sophisticated intelligence system came during the American Civil War. Both Union and the Confederacy used undercover agents non merely for information-gathering but besides for sabotage. Allan Pinkerton formed an intelligence community tasked to supplying war information to General McClelland. In the South. General Robert E. Lee relied on the alleged ‘Canadian Cabinet’ – a group of Southern leaders who directed espionage against the Union. Although both sides were able to develop efficient intelligence systems. many military commanding officers belittled the importance of intelligence in military runs. It was merely during American’s entry to the First World War that American military commanding officers began to see the existent advantages of an effectual intelligence community. This can be exhibited by the creative activity of the convoy system. American undercover agents in Europe sent critical information about the activities of U-boats in the Atlantic ( its motions. possible marks. and scheme ) . Based on the information. the President ordered the creative activity of a convoy system which could protect merchant ships traversing the Atlantic Ocean. After the First World War. the United States had a really efficient and effectual intelligence community.

Social and Historical Effects Responsible for the Conception of the Fantastic and Supernatural in Gothic Horror (Dracula)

Bram Stoker’s Dracula debuted in Victorian England at the end of the nineteenth century. Not the first vampire story of its time, it certainly made one of the most lasting impressions on modern culture, where tales of the supernatural, horror, witchcraft, possession, demoniacs, vampires, werewolves, zombies, aliens, and monsters of all kinds have become something of a theme in modern art, if not an obsession. Many scholars debate the origin or cause of this phenomenon, yet most agree that culture plays an enormous role in the development of such themes, whether in nineteenth century gothic novels such as Dracula or Frankenstein, or in modern films with gothic leanings, such as The Exorcist or Children of Men. This paper will examine how fantasy and the idea of the supernatural, including the â€Å"undead,† is an important underlying fear prevalent in the psyche of humanity, which manifests itself differently, depending on the social or historical circumstances which spawns the creation of that work of literature or film. By placing Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein within the context of its Romantic/Enlightenment era, E. Michael Jones shows how the effects of the revolutionary doctrine of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Marquis de Sade, and Percy Bysshe Shelley found their ultimate expression in the gothic horror genre (90). Dracula, no less than Frankenstein, is indicative of the cultural underbelly that the Victorian Age sought to cover up. Far from speaking directly of the human passions unleashed by the Romantic era, the Victorian Age found it more appropriate to hide them, keep them out of the public sphere, render them lifeless, and thereby make life respectable. The problem was, the less those passions were talked about, but acted upon, the more those same passions bubbled up to the surface through the means of gothic horror novels and films. While, Oscar Wilde’s â€Å"art for art’s sake† carried the artistic world out of the Victorian Age and into the twentieth century of unhindered expressionism, Wilde himself fell victim to the very underbelly of Victorian England—which, in fact, prosecuted him to the fullest extent of the law when his vices became open knowledge to the public. Stoker’s Dracula was just as representative of his own sexual desires masked by Victorian prudery. But because Stoker for the most part kept his affairs from becoming public scandal, he was left well enough alone to express what everyone was interested in anyway, and which has always been an easy seller: sex. Controlling the passions had always been the interest of the Catholic Church, which was the European bulwark against revolution, with assistance from the reason of Augustine to the scholasticism of Aquinas to the architecture of the gothic cathedrals. With the growing corruption of many Church officials, the rise of the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation, that control was finally threatened and replaced. New philosophies were spread (Rousseau’s concept of nature as the only law; Sade’s concept of that same nature as brutal, animalistic, and violent), which unleashed a tidal wave of radical revolutionaries in Paris at the end of the eighteenth century, which in turn needed new types of control. Napoleon was the immediate result. Victorian prudery was the nineteenth century’s later response. It enabled Mary Shelley to turn her husband into a â€Å"Victorian angel,† as she â€Å"dedicated the rest of her life to effacing their sexual experiment† (Jones 91) with Byron in Geneva, memorialized, however, by Ken Russell’s 1987 film Gothic, in which de Sade’s Justine informs Mary Shelley of what could soon be expected. What Sade foresaw, and helped promote, was a sexual revolution that would elevate sexual desire from the restraints of medieval Church doctrine. While that elevation led to the enforcement of a new social code of conduct (Victorianism), an alternate development got underway in which that same elevation of sexual license was to be used itself as a form of control. In fact, Augustine had spoken of such centuries before when he wrote that a man has as many masters as he has vices. Sade’s assessment was similar in the eighteenth century: â€Å"The state of the moral man is one of tranquility and peace; the state of an immoral man is one of perpetual unrest† (Jones 6). Yet, while Augustine promoted peace, Sade, who exercised some political sway in the Reign of Terror, promoted unrest: â€Å"By promoting vice, the regime promotes slavery, which can be fashioned into a form of political control† (Jones 6). Such was in line with Robespierre’s doctrine of terror as persuasion. Stoker’s Dracula was an expression of just such an idea—for Stoker himself knew the validity of both those claims: a seducer of young women, Stoker doubtlessly identified with Jonathan Harker and Dracula, the captive and master all at once. The vampire became a persona of iconic horror status in film in the following century. The concept of the walking â€Å"undead† who fed on the blood of innocents conjured up something so profound and stimulating in the minds of audiences all over the world that vampirism was everywhere, from Nosferatu to Bela Lugosi to Carl Theodor Dreyer’s Vampyr. Dreyer, who had shot what is considered one of the greatest silent films of all time, The Passion of Joan of Arc, found his inspiration for his vampire film in the likes of Magnus Hirschfeld. Hirschfeld was an honorary member of the British Society for Sexual Psychology and something of a movie star himself in Weimar Germany, playing an â€Å"enlightened, sexually condoning doctor in Richard Oswald’s pro-homosexual film Anders als die Andern† (Jones 194). The themes of sexual license and control had a significant impact on Germany. Sigmund Freud would take up the themes in his psychoanalytic studies, promoting the fulfillment of sexual desires as a means of appeasing the subconscious. In Dr. Seward’s diary, one finds no less: a blood transfusion is given to Lucy by Van Helsing, who states, â€Å"She wants blood, and blood she must have or die† (Stoker 123). Lucy has been bitten by the vampire and become, in a sense, contaminated. The only scientific cure is to give her want she wants: blood. The allusion to another blood exchange is obvious—but the sense is inverted: While T. S. Eliot states in Murder in the Cathedral the relationship between Christian sacrifice and control of the passions (â€Å"His Blood for ours, Blood for blood†), Enlightenment science suggests no spiritual remedy—merely a physical or psychological one: a psychological/physical giving into desire rather than a spiritual dominance of it. Jones speaks of the sexual revolution that ran concomitantly with the French Revolution as the real forbearer of gothic horror. Whereas othic cathedrals reinforced through visual representation the horror of Satan and sin, modern gothic horror does the same—though the solution is different (if there is one, and there often is not: the immortal evil of Michael Myers, Jason, Krueger, etc. suggests that while Christ was the answer for Augustine and Aquinas, the Enlightenment has yet to formulate any acceptable solution). Meanwhile, the manipulation of desire, Jones notes, has found its way out of Victorian prudery and into the mainstream through advertising, radio, television, music, and cinema. The fantasy of the â€Å"undead† in the George A. Romero franchise, which is still being updated, suggests a kind of public response to the world around it: a society full of living, walking dead—killed by the bombardment of uncontrolled passions, yet still living, shopping, attending to social rituals. The sexual revolution and Enlightenment doctrine of the 1790s and early twentieth century resurfaced in full throttle in the 1960s and 70s, to create a new wave of liberal social doctrine and a new wave of gothic horror in film. In Dracula, Mina Harker records the assessment of the evil of vampirism according to Van Helsing: The nosferatu do not die like the bee when he sting once. He is only stronger; and being stronger, have yet more power to work evil. This vampire†¦is of himself so strong in person as twenty men; he is of cunning more than mortal†¦he have still the aids of necromancy, and all the dead that he can come nigh to are for him to command; he is brute, and more than brute; he is devil in callous, and the heart of him is not. (Stoker 237) The portrayal is Satanic, and a similar portrayal would be given in 1973’s The Exorcist, in which Satan possesses a girl through the medium of a children’s game (the Ouija board). Yet, with The Exorcist, the spiritual evil is made much more real than the fantastic evil of Dracula. And while Dracula is destroyed by a stake, the devil is dispelled only through the power of Christ in The Exorcist. Ironically, however, the devil is driven out only after the death of not one but two priests—the old man initially, and then the younger priest, whose own crisis of faith becomes a kind of despair at the end of the film, when, ceasing to compel Satan through Christ, he cries, â€Å"Take me! instead, and then throws himself out the window when his own possession is complete. The girl is freed from her captor, but only at the cost of the life and soul of the young priest: the power of Christ merely served to anger the devil—it did not subjugate him; such would have been too meaningful in the relativistic climate of the 70s. The 70’s sexual and political revolutions were intertwined to such an extent that hardcore pornography and Feminist politics app eared on the scene simultaneously. While Betty Friedan opposed traditional gender codes in such works as The Feminine Mystique, pornography was raking in the profits. The cinematic response to this was the slaughter of sexually-active teenagers by homicidal maniacs (evil incarnate), while virtuous and chaste maidens like Jamie Lee Curtis’ character in Halloween remained alive just long enough for the evil to be driven away by a male authority figure. Horror films often reinforced traditional gender norms, yet the awesome evil of those films seemed to have no end. With the proliferation of contraceptives as a form of eugenics similar to the kind practiced under Hitler, sex became an act of passion without physical consequences; yet horror maintained that it still had psychological and even spiritual ones. Nonetheless, as Jones shows, the promotion of contraception in twentieth century America by representatives of the Rockefeller Foundation was supposed to be nothing more than the controlling of ethnic populations that were found to be subhuman by WASP elitists (406). The black and Catholic communities, whose uninhibited breeding threatened to undermine WASP political control, promptly received the attention of people like Margaret Sanger and â€Å"Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, C. S. C. , who used Rockefeller money to fund secret conferences on contraception at the University of Notre Dame from 1962 to 1965† (Jones 147). The idea of Thomas Malthus, that over-population would ultimately destroy the earth, was marketed as the principle behind contraception. The underbelly of the movement, however, was, according to Jones, nothing more than a power play for control. The extremity of the situation would be explored by Alfonso Cuaron’s 2006 film Children of Men based on the novel by P. D. James. Friend of Spanish filmmaker Guillermo del Toro, whose Mimic has been noted in â€Å"Good Entomologist/Bad Entomologist† by Jones as a swipe at Enlightenment doctrine being a vain attempt at setting and controlling social mores (â€Å"The only solution left is the†¦prime totem of folk Catholicism, the rosary†Ã¢â‚¬â€referring, of course, to the end scene in which Mira Sorvino’s character draws blood rom her hand with a rosary crucifix to divert the attention of the giant blood-sucking roach, which is about to eat the little boy). In Children of Men, there are no little boys, nor little girls—in fact, children are gone altogether (a threatening theme that opens Del Toro’s Mimic too). The rampant sterilization of modern years is turned into a life-threatening ideology, affecting everyone and all ethnicities. When a woman is found, who has seemingly miraculously conceived, she is caught in the middle of yet another struggle for control—one group wants to use her as a political poster child, the other wants to legitimately help. Meanwhile, a war is waged in the urban cities, which evokes a kind of apocalyptic message of utter desolation. As Clive Owen’s character makes the ultimate sacrifice (his life) for that of the woman and her child’s, a sense of hope in the future of mankind is restored—but the outlook is still bleak and grim—for no one knows whether the woman and her child will really make it as they disappear into the fog rolling across the open sea. Hope is in the approach of the ship, but beyond that lies—what? In Children of Men, the fantasy of the â€Å"undead† is replaced by the fantasy of the â€Å"unborn. † The reality of Malthusian sterilization taken to extremes in modern times by social groups across the globe (birth rates are at lows nearly everywhere), sexual liberation has once again become a pathway to political control and to gothic horror genre representations. In conclusion, the underlying fears of societies since the beginning of the Romantic/Enlightenment age have manifested themselves in a variety of forms depending upon the cultural climate of the time. Beginning with Shelley’s Frankenstein as a repudiation of Enlightenment doctrine and going through Stoker’s Dracula as a representation of sexual desire and control bubbling under the surface of Victorian prudery, gothic horror has found its way into the mainstream culture with tales of supernatural occurrences that are in some sense connected to the issues of the day. The sexual revolution of the early twentieth century in New York materialized in greater force all over America in the 60s and 70s, launching another series of gothic horror novels and films onto audiences, from Stephen King to John Carpenter, Clive Barker, and Stanley Kubrick. While films like The Exorcist and Children of Men get closer to the reality of spiritual possession and widespread sterility, the human psyche of modern times continues to want to see itself as a kind of â€Å"undead† creature, whose reason for being has yet to be determined. Therefore, popular gothic horror icons like Frankenstein and Dracula remain staples of modern horror fiction, representing to the populace a mirror of its own struggles with the doctrine of Enlightenment liberation and control.