10 Racist Supreme Court Rulings in U.S. History

The Dawn Of The Enlightenment By David Hume - 1740 Words

The dawn of the Enlightenment brought forth a slew of radical notions that challenged society’s dominant sentiments at the time. With the onslaught of conversations about the nature and purpose of humanity, Enlightenment thinkers conceived novel concepts of anti-authoritarian thinking, empiricism, and the role of reason in humanity. As the Enlightenment led to an upheaval in how intellectuals took the authority of traditional learning, new conversations about the human condition were born. Namely, an emphasis on reason and logic as the primary mechanisms of humanity was developed. Prolific Scottish philosopher David Hume, best known for his radical use of skepticism to examine every possible concept in the vast index of Enlightenment values, emerged as a revolutionary departure from the traditional French and English Enlightenment thinkers. Hume was known for applying a brand of skepticism in his consideration of concepts such as reason, human sympathy, and the authority of tr aditional ideas. While David Hume’s extreme skepticism challenges preconceived notions of Enlightenment values, his approach is ultimately quite reflective of the core beliefs that represent the pinnacle of Enlightenment thought; thereby reinforcing such values while simultaneously casting them in an increasingly realistic light. Firstly, Hume effectively tackles the commonly held assertion that humans are purely rational creatures that successfully implement reason in every situation. Hume concedesShow MoreRelatedThe Occupation Theory Of Property2831 Words   |  12 Pagesonly done through monetary compensation, and hence he claims the Occupation Theory of Property to be inadequate.  THE LABOR THEORY - JOHN LOCKE John Locke, and English philosopher and physician has been known as one of the most influential of enlightenment thinkers. Person is entitled to his property produced through his own labor. His popular theory on labour states that every person putting in labour onto a certain piece of property has the right to it and its produce. Locke’s theory claims thatRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 Pagesâ€Å"Great Awakening†Ã¯ ¼Ë†Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¨ §â€°Ã©â€ â€™Ã¨ ¿ Ã¥Å  ¨, 1730s-1740s) Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Thomas Paine (1737-1809) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) Olaudah Equiano (1745?-1797) Philip Freneau (1752-1832) Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784) Hannah Webster Foster (1758-1840) Enlightenment and establishment of the nation Benjamin Franklin a second-generation immigrant of English descendent Writer, printer, publisher, scientist, statesman, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected private figure of his time. BenjaminRead MoreIwc1 Literature, Arts and Humanities Essay10028 Words   |  41 PagesMultiple Choice The ideas of the Renaissance are most commonly seen as paving the way for which of the following movements? a) Feudalism b) Imperialism c) Industrialism d) Age of Enlightenment Feedback: The correct answer is d. The ideas of the Renaissance are seen as paving the way for the Age of Enlightenment. Question 7: Multiple Choice Which of the following figures from the Renaissance worked in sculpture? a) Boccaccio b) Rabelais c) Machiavelli d) Donatello Feedback: The correctRead MoreIf God is good why is there evil in the world?7066 Words   |  29 Pages Essay Title: â€Å"If God is good why is there evil in the world† Introduction The problem of evil is as ancient as humanity itself. Since the dawn of man, thinkers, philosophers, religionists and practically every human being who have suffered at the hands of evil have pondered this enigma, either as a logical-intellectual-philosophical or emotional-religious-existential problem. The preponderance

Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Economic Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Answer: Introduction: Climate change is defined as the change in the global environment which occurred due to direct or indirect human practices. It is a result of increasing greenhouse gases in the environment due to human activities such as deforestation, use of non-renewable energy sources and burning of fossil fuel (Pindyck, 2013, p.865). In order to address this issue, the government can impose a carbon tax on carbon emissions of companies and people. A carbon tax is a fee that is imposed by the government on the use of fossil fuels or carbon-based fuels including gas, coal and oil (Murray and Rivers, 2015, p.678). Many countries including the United Kingdom, Sweden, Australia, Ireland and Chile has imposed a carbon tax policy (Carbon Tax, 2018, n.p). The issue is whether imposition of a carbon tax can assist in reducing carbon emissions caused by corporations and individuals that cause climate change. A carbon tax can increase the administrative costs for implementation and collection of tax which w ill slow down economic growth of countries. A carbon tax did not guarantee that carbon emissions will be reduced because companies can shift their locations to avoid carbon tax. Although the carbon tax can reduce carbon emissions by eliminating the use of fossil fuel in the manufacturing process, and it can increase the investment in renewable energy sources such as sunlight, tides, wind and biomass. However, carbon tax is not an effective option for mitigating the risk of climate change. It is difficult to increase investment in renewable energy because the administrative costs relating to managing and collecting of the carbon tax will be substantially high that will slow down the countrys economy. The government has to make high investments to ensure that every organisation pay carbon tax accordingly and it became a new burden for manufacturing firms, customers, society and the government. The manufacturing companies are more likely to increase prices for their products and services to mitigate the carbon tax expenses which increase the financial burden of the public (Conefrey et al., 2013, p.941). Furthermore, investors are less likely to invest in countries that impose a carbon tax to save capital which reduces their economy. In Australia, 93.38 percent of the energy consumed through fossil fuel which makes it difficult for the government to encourage organisations to use renewable energy sources (Trading Economics, 2018, n.p). Therefore, if a carbon tax is impose d, then prices of products and services will increase, and investment will decrease which will slow down the economic growth. However, a carbon tax can reduce carbon emissions of companies and individuals and increase the investment in renewable energy sources. Carbon tax encourages organisations to develop environment-friendly technology instead of using fossil fuels that are easily available and relatively cheaper but has a harmful impact on the environment. Due to a high rate of carbon tax, people would make efforts to find new and alternative sources of energy that are environment-friendly such as wind, solar energy, biomass, and tides (Ploeg and Withagen, 2014, p.283). For example, Australian companies are investing in wind power as a source of renewable energy which has grown 35 percent in five years up to 2011. These wind power sources generate 4,455 megawatts (MW) of energy as of 2017, and they are expected to increase up to 18,823 MW (Ramblingsdc, 2015, n.p). Therefore, if a carbon tax is imposed, then investment in renewable energy increases which address the issue of climate change. Although a carbon tax encourages investment in renewable energy, it is far from being an effective solution for climate change. Organisations are more likely to increase their products and services prices rather than investing in renewable energy sources because they require high level of investment. The government will also face difficulty in investing in renewable energy sources because the administration cost of imposing and collecting of carbon tax is substantially high (Aldy and Stavins, 2012, p.176). Investors also did not prefer to invest in countries that impose a high rate of carbon tax that would negatively affect the nations economic growth (Carl and Fedor, 2016, p.57). If carbon tax is imposed, then purchasing power and real (inflation-adjusted) salaries of people will be reduced. Therefore, carbon tax negatively affects a countrys economic growth. The government aims to reduce carbon emissions of corporations and people by imposing a carbon tax; however, it did not guarantee that global carbon emission will be reduced. One of the major contributors of greenhouse gases is manufacturing organisations; instead of paying a high rate of the carbon tax, these corporations can shift their production facilities to countries in which there is no policy of carbon tax (Martin, De Preux and Wagner, 2014, p.1). More than 53 percent of manufacturing work has been outsourced by companies to China and India because of lower labour costs and lack of carbon tax (Statistic Brain, 2017, n.p). Therefore, if a harmonised carbon tax system is not applied worldwide, then it cannot reduce carbon emissions of large companies since they can switch their production location which reduces the impact of a carbon tax system. A carbon tax reduces the negative impact of climate change by reducing huge amount of carbon emissions caused by manufacturing companies and individuals that increase greenhouse gases in the environment. If the government did not make appropriate efforts to reduce carbon emissions, then, it will damage the environment and its resources. In order to preserve the environment, the level of carbon dioxide emission is required to decrease that can be achieved by the imposition of a carbon tax (Samimi and Zarinabadi, 2012, p.1012). In Sweden, from 2000 to 2012, greenhouse gas emissions reduced by 16 percent (OCED, 2014, p.4). Between 1990 and 2005, Demark reported a reduction in carbon emissions per person by 15 percent (Nunez, 2018, n.p). As a result, if carbon tax is imposed, then environmental conditions can be improved. However, carbon tax cannot completely mitigate the risk of climate change because it did not implement across the world. It is not a suitable option due to lack of a globally harmonised carbon tax system. Countries such as Norway and Finland are able to effectively implement carbon tax because of stable economic conditions and low population in the country (Di Cosmo and Hyland, 2013, p.409). However, in large nations such as China, India, EU and USA, it is difficult for governments to impose and collect tax from all organisations effectively (Li et al., 2013, p.927). Countries such as China and India are heavily populated, and they make about 37 percent of worlds total carbon emissions (China 30 percent and India 7 percent) (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2017, n.p). If not efforts made by these two nations for reducing carbon emissions, then it is difficult to reduce carbon emissions around the world by imposing carbon tax. Therefore, carbon tax is not a suitable opt ion. In conclusion, a carbon tax policy can reduce carbon emissions of organisations and individuals, and it can increase the investment in green energy sources which can address the issue of climate change. However, governments face many financial and economic difficulties while implementing a carbon tax policy. It increases the financial burden on companies, people and government. Moreover, corporations can switch their production location to avoid carbon tax due to lack of harmonised carbon tax system worldwide. Therefore, carbon tax is not the best solution for addressing the issue of climate change. Thus, governments should seek other policies for addressing the issue of climate change such as eco-friendly transportation system or recycling and companies across the world should participate in such programs worldwide. References Aldy, JE and Stavins, RN 2012, The promise and problems of pricing carbon: Theory and experience,The Journal of Environment Development, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 152-180. Carbon Tax 2018, Where Carbon Is Taxed, Carbon Tax, viewed 31 March 2018, https://www.carbontax.org/where-carbon-is-taxed/ Carl, J and Fedor, D 2016, Tracking global carbon revenues: A survey of carbon taxes versus cap-and-trade in the real world,Energy Policy, vol. 96, pp. 50-77. Conefrey, T, Fitz Gerald, JD, Valeri, LM and Tol, RS 2013, The impact of a carbon tax on economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Ireland,Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 934-952. Di Cosmo, V and Hyland, M 2013, Carbon tax scenarios and their effects on the Irish energy sector,Energy Policy, vol. 59, pp. 404-414. Li, A, Zhang, A, Cai, H, Li, X and Peng, S 2013, How large are the impacts of carbon-motivated border tax adjustments on China and how to mitigate them?,Energy Policy, vol. 63, pp. 927-934. Martin, R, De Preux, LB and Wagner, UJ 2014, The impact of a carbon tax on manufacturing: Evidence from microdata,Journal of Public Economics, vol.117, pp. 1-14. Murray, B and Rivers, N 2015, British Columbias revenue-neutral carbon tax: A review of the latest grand experiment in environmental policy,Energy Policy, vol. 86, pp. 674-683. Nunez, C 2018, Whats A Carbon Tax, And How Does It Reduce Emissions?, National Geographic, viewed 6 April 2018, https://channel.nationalgeographic.com/before-the-flood/articles/whats-a-carbon-tax-and-how-does-it-reduce-emissions/ OCED 2014, Environmental Performance Reviews: Sweden, OCED, viewed 6 April 2018, https://www.oecd.org/environment/country-reviews/Sweden%20Highlights%20web%20pages2.pdf Pindyck, RS 2013, Climate change policy: What do the models tell us?,Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 860-72. Ploeg, F and Withagen, C 2014, Growth, renewables, and the optimal carbon tax,International Economic Review,vol. 55, no. 1, p. 283. Ramblingsdc 2015 Wind power and wind farms in Australia, Ramblingsdc viewed 6 April 2018, https://www.ramblingsdc.net/Australia/WindPower.html Samimi, A and Zarinabadi, S 2012, Reduction of greenhouse gases emission and effect on environment,Journal of American Science,vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1011-1015. Statistic Brain 2017, Job Overseas Outsourcing Statistics, Statistic Brain viewed 6 April 2018, https://www.statisticbrain.com/outsourcing-statistics-by-country/ Trading Economics 2018, Australia Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total), Trading Economics, viewed 6 April 2018, https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/fossil-fuel-energy-consumption-percent-of-total-wb-data.html United States Environmental Protection Agency 2017, Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data, EPA, viewed 6 April 2018, https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data

Stella Mccartney Essay Example

Stella Mccartney Essay Stella McCartney Famous English fashion designer, Stella Nina McCartney, was born September 13, 1971. From the young age of twelve she became interested in designing clothes, when she made her first jacket. After graduating from Central Saint Martin’s College of Art and design, Stella McCartney has made a name for herself in the fashion industry. Stella McCartney shops are spread across the globe in exclusive locations including Manhattan’s Soho, London’s Mayfair and Brompton Cross, LA’s West Hollywood, Paris’ Palais Royal, Milan and Tokyo. Out of the twenty-three shops this paper focuses on the store in London, Mayfair. Stella McCartney collections range from women’s ready-to-wear, accessories, lingerie, eyewear, children’s wear, and Adidas by Stella McCartney. Marie Claire calls McCartney, the queen of Eco-Cool. As a strict vegetarian, McCartney refuses to use fur or leather in her designs and is a strong supporter of PETA. In some of the designs the text elaborates on her â€Å"no animal† policy. McCartney explains that depending on what season, twenty to thirty percent of the collections contain some kind of eco or sustainable element, either being organic fabric or a natural dye. Before going to the store and doing some research I found out that the London store and offices are powered by Ecotricity which invests in wind power. Keeping with the companies earth-friendly views they use biodegradable bags and recycled paper products. The London, Mayfair shopping experience was completely different to how a normal day out in the shops would be. From the moment of walking in we were analysing and paying more attention to different things in the store from the lighting, to customer service, music, the design and the layout. When entering the shop the atmosphere was calm and relaxing with nice vibes from the staff. We will write a custom essay sample on Stella Mccartney specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stella Mccartney specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stella Mccartney specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The staff were very kind and attentive and assisted with sizes. Another thing we noticed was the perfume smell that was sprayed around the shop, it made the shop unique and memorable. You associate smell with many things including places so in a business perspective it is a smart technique. The design of the shop was simplistic with white walls and big windows which gives the shop a great natural light. The big mirrors spread everywhere made the store look a lot bigger than it really was. The colours of the collection all blend really well together sorting from green, blue, orange and pinks. I found the whole shopping experience comfortable and stress-free. The shop was inviting and I would definitely go back not only for the clothing but also for the customer service that you rarely see in shops in London. References Dafont. com (n. d. ) Fancy Retro fonts | dafont. com. [online] Available at:http://www. dafont. com/theme. php? cat=115[Accessed: 27 Feb 2013]. Interview Magazine (2013) Stella McCartney. [online] Available at:http://www. interviewmagazine. com/fashion/stella-mccartney [Accessed: 27 Feb 2013]. Marie Claire (2013) Stella McCartney: The Queen of Eco-Cool. online] Available at:http://www. marieclaire. com/fashion/trends/stella-mccartney-eco-fashion [Accessed: 27 Feb 2013]. Stella McCartney Online Store (2013) Stella McCartney Official website. Women’s ready-to-wear, accessories, lingerie, sports performance collection â€Å"adidas by Stella McCartney,† eyewear, fragrance and kids. [online] Available at:http://www. stellamccartney. com/ [Access ed: 27 Feb 2013]. Vogue UK (2012) Stella McCartney. [online] Available at: http://www. vogue. co. uk/spy/biographies/stella-mccartney-biography [Accessed: 27 Feb 2013].

A History of the Chola Empire of India

A History of the Chola Empire of India Nobody knows exactly when the first Chola kings took power in the southern point of India, but certainly, the Chola Dynasty was established by the third century BCE, because they are mentioned in one of Ashoka the Greats stelae.  Not only did the Cholas outlast Ashokas Mauryan Empire, they continued to rule until 1279 CE- more than 1,500 years.   Fun Fact The Cholas ruled for more than 1,500 years, making them one of the longest-ruling families in human history, if not the longest. The Chola Empire was based in the Kaveri River Valley, which runs southeast through Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and the southern Deccan Plateau to the Bay of Bengal.  At its height, the Chola Empire controlled not only southern India and Sri Lanka, but also the Maldives.  It took key maritime trading posts from the Srivijaya Empire in what is now Indonesia, enabling a rich cultural transfusion in both directions, and sent diplomatic and trading missions to Chinas Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 CE). Chola History The origins of the Chola Dynasty are lost to history.  The kingdom is mentioned, however, in early Tamil literature, and on one of the Pillars of Ashoka (273 - 232 BCE).  It also appears in the Greco-Roman Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. 40 - 60 CE), and in Ptolemys Geography (c. 150 CE).  The ruling family came from the Tamil ethnic group. Around the year 300 CE, the Pallava and Pandya Kingdoms spread their influence over most of the Tamil heartlands of southern India, and the Cholas went into a decline.  They likely served as sub-rulers under the new powers, yet they retained  enough prestige that their daughters often married in to the Pallava and Pandya families. When war broke out between the Pallava and Pandya kingdoms in about 850 CE, the Cholas seized their chance.  King Vijayalaya renounced his Pallava overlord and captured the city of Thanjavur (Tanjore), making it his new capital.  This marked the start of the Medieval Chola period  and the peak of Chola power. Vijayalayas son, Aditya I, went on to defeat  the Pandyan Kingdom in 885 and the  Pallava Kingdom in 897 CE.  His son followed up with the conquest of Sri Lanka in 925; by 985, the Chola Dynasty ruled all of the Tamil-speaking regions of southern India.  The next two kings, Rajaraja Chola I (r. 985 - 1014 CE) and Rajendra Chola I (r. 1012 - 1044 CE) extended the empire still further.   Rajaraja Cholas reign marked the emergence of the Chola Empire as a multi-ethnic trading colossus.  He pushed the empires northern boundary out of Tamil lands to Kalinga in the northeast of India  and sent his navy to capture the Maldives and the rich Malabar Coast along the subcontinents southwestern shore.  These territories were key points along the  Indian Ocean trade routes.   By 1044, Rajendra Chola had pushed the borders north to the Ganges River (Ganga), conquering the rulers of Bihar and Bengal, and he had also taken coastal Myanmar (Burma), the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and key ports in the Indonesian archipelago and Malay Peninsula.  It was the first true maritime empire based in India.  The Chola Empire under Rajendra even exacted tribute from Siam (Thailand) and Cambodia.  Cultural and artistic influences flowed in both directions between Indochina and the Indian mainland.   Throughout the medieval period, however, the Cholas had one major thorn in their side.  The Chalukya Empire, in the  western Deccan Plateau,  rose up periodically and tried to throw off Chola control.  After decades of intermittent warfare, the Chalukya kingdom collapsed in 1190.  The Chola Empire, however, did not long outlast its gadfly. It was an ancient rival that finally did in the Cholas for good.  Between 1150 and 1279, the Pandya family gathered its armies and launched a number of bids for independence in their traditional lands.  The Cholas under Rajendra III  fell to the Pandyan Empire  in 1279  and ceased to exist. The Chola Empire left a rich legacy in the Tamil country.  It saw majestic architectural accomplishments such as the Thanjavur Temple, amazing artwork including particularly graceful  bronze sculpture, and a golden age of Tamil literature and poetry.  All of these cultural properties also found their way into the Southeast Asian artistic lexicon, influencing religious art and literature from Cambodia to Java.

Ruth Benedict essays

Ruth Benedict essays The explorations into the enculturation of human beings and its numerous variations have molded the groundwork of anthropology. A field so entrenched in the comparative study of human societies and cultures, anthropology has facilitated the understanding of how humans have adapted to their environments and themselves. When comparing an advanced institutionalized culture to an isolated primitive one, key similarities and differences can de delineated. What is deemed morally right and deserving of exaltation can conversely be seen as an abomination in another culture. Moreover, inherent to human culture are ethical categories of normalcy (societal acceptance) or abnormality (social deviance). Ethics, the grounds for moral validity, are culturally relative to ones society of enculturation. By studying the similarities and differences amongst cultures, Ruth Benedict, anthropologist and author of Anthropology and the Abnormal, illustrates how morality is culturally distinguished. Additionally, Benedict asserts that normality is culturally defined, or what is considered normal is different in varying societies. The varying definitions of normality and abnormality can be seen in the phenomena of trance, homosexuality, and catalepsy. In India, the extreme psychic manifestations of trance and catalepsy are both regarded not only normal but is sanctified. However, in many modern cultures, this trait is seen as a deviation of the norm and is not valued. Homosexuality, in the contemporary society, is seen by many as abnormal but amongst Native American tribes, men who took on the characteristics and behavior of the female gender were held high on the ethical plane. The institution of the berdache, the men-women served as a tribes leader in womens occupations, good healers , and as genial organizers of social affairs. From a specific human behavior to a mode of thinking can be an abnormality where an indivi...

Response to students post on external Environment Research Paper

Response to students post on external Environment - Research Paper Example This equipment is demanded by the health care consumers who call for the reduction of health care costs by the health care organization, thus striking a balance between the two has been difficult (Studer, 2008). In the political sector, various government bodies have an impact on health care organizations through regulations that are meant to ensure quality and safety in the delivery of health care services. The occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) ensures environmental safety in the health care organization. The US food and drug administration (FDA) approves new drugs that are marketed or sold to the public. These regulatory bodies thus keep a close look on the health care organizations therefore affecting their operation. In Africa, the posting highlights the healthcare organization market being affected by the economic status of the population. The Greater percentage of the population who are low-income earners seeks health care services from the public hospital while the middle and high-income earners seek healthcare services from the private hospitals. The government in this region seeks to increase accessibility to health care through the creation of a national health insurance fund (NHIF). The NHIF will enable increased accessibility of quality healthcare for all population thus expanding the health care market. The article has highlighted how the economic, political and technological factors have impacted on the healthcare organization in the United States and Africa. It does not clearly indicate how sociocultural and financial factors have impacted on the healthcare organization considering that the two have had tremendous trends. This trends ranges from cultural diversification, increased population and increased accessibility to information on health care. Africa is also made up of 53 countries each with the unique external

The development of an export market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The development of an export market - Assignment Example The emphasis on the sports benefits of the drinks, as an improvement to water and as an aid to intense sports activities that is able to provide adequate hydration and nutrition even to the most demanding and most gifted athletes. It is worth noting that as a product range, the Lucozade brand benefits from insights and inputs from hard core research undertaken on behalf of the brand by universities, sports coaches, practitioners, and nutritionists, under the so-called Lucozade Sports Science Academy. Moreover, the brand is well-known for its marketing tag line, which is about replacing the lost energy from intense physical activities making use of Lucozade. That said, officially the classification is that of Lucozade being a soft drink brand (Answers Corporation 2013; GlaxoSmithKline Group of Companies 2013). In the United States, which is the chosen export market, key competitors in the segment of sports hydration drinks where Lucozade is bound to compete includes Gatorade and Power ade, with the former being the heavyweight brand with the greatest mind share and market share not only in the United States but in many parts of the world, and with the latter being the key competitor brand offered by Coca Cola (Carpenter 2000; Howard 2008; Competitor Group 2013). It is worth noting that those three brands mentioned above remain dominant in the world when it comes to sports drinks, with Lucozade in particular being the most dominant brand in the United Kingdom in terms of both value sales and sales by volume. Annual sales for Lucozade is estimated at 260 million British pounds. Its presence in other markets, on the other hand, is hampered by strong competition from Gatorade and Powerade, even as the overall market for sports drinks is forecasted to reach US 55 billion dollars by 2018, indicating a large opportunity for Lucozade to get a substantial piece of that pie from exporting activities. The US being a large and lucrative market for sports drinks, this export development plant for that export market has potentially great value for the brand and for GlaxoSmithKline. Other statistics meanwhile bolster the case for exports as a lucrative activity given that there is a relatively low penetration level for sports drinks in general, at just 50 percent, even as the segment grew by 64 percent for the five-year period from 2007 all the way to 2012. By product category, all three categories, hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic drinks experienced sustained growth in volumes and dollar value over that given period, with prospects for growth also promising moving forward to 2018 and beyond (Companies and Markets 2013). In the US, moreover, Gatorade and Powerade together account for virtually the entire market for sports drinks with Gatorade owning 69 percent of the market, and Powerade owning 30 percent of the market. Both companies spend heavily on advertising and marketing activities centered on getting star athletes to endorse the brands and produc ts. The trend towards a sustained growth in the sports drink sector is confirmed in the long term, in contrast to the general decline in soda consumption in the United States over the past several decades (Daily Mail Reporter 2013). Other estimates put the market share of Gatorade at an even larger percentage, 75 percent, with Powerade taking 20 percent and the rest of the players in the sports drink market taking up the remaining 5 percent, reflecting the overall dominance of

My opinion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My opinion - Essay Example By looking at this, the shifting trends of competitive analysis and the sustainability of the organizations have also been possible. I think that the concept of people management and its role in the sustainability and competitiveness of the organization is directly proportional to one another. The example of Southwest airline mentioned in the article clearly suggests that despite of having the best rates of its stock, the company did not achieve success and growth; while, in the later years, it achieved competitive advantage by successfully competing in the industry with the help of its efficient labor force. The example of Nordstrom also suggests that the favorable employee compensation and benefits schemes led the store to success. The factors such as employment security, selectivity in recruiting, high wages, incentive pay, employee ownership, participation and empowerment, and their training and development contribute to the organization big time. I think that, besides the moneta ry benefits, even non monetary enhancements such as promotions and autonomy also helps enriching the employee’s morale.

Language Creativity in Everyday Conversation

Language Creativity in Everyday Conversation Transcribe the extract from CD-ROM1, Band 6: Kitchen Floor. Using this data and relevant concepts and theories from E301, discuss the extent to which language creativity can be identified in everyday conversation in English. Undid the paper ((laughter)) and (like) (.) put a little bit of salt on and I handed them to him you know and he looked at me and he didnt DARE say anything so he had to SIT and eat it with his fingers ((laughter)) which he HATES (.) But I was going to make a point of the fact that I was not going to put it on a plate and do the whole BIT and make a (his tea) [and that [like Charles when I was doing the kitchen floor you seeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [he totally // was the one who started it // said that I was mad to take on the job (.) I wouldnt do it (.) (Yeah) and he wasnt gonna help (.) LEANING on the door while he said that ((laughter)) (speech inaudible) (.) He said (1.0) Im not gonna help you with this (.) If youre gonna do it youre doing it on your own // yeah // (.) I said yeah okay (.) Theres nothing I like more than a challenge (.) [did he actually SAY it like that (.) And he actually DID do that (.) He actually stood and LEANED // yeah // against the door (.) (*inaudible*) on the other side of the kitchen telling me (.) he was depressed (.) ((laughter)) Im sweating away ((laughter)) he was off his sleeping tablets he was going to take ((laughter)) (speech inaudible) he was gonna do it on the floor ((laughter)) and meanwhile ((xxxxxxxxxxx)) ((laughter)) Its awful isnt it (.) Im laughing too much ((xxxxxxxxxxx)) Transcription conventions: (( )) = background noises (.) = brief pause [ = interruption // = speech overlap (1.0) = pause longer than half a second CAPS = emphasis Xxxxxxxxxxx = inaudible speech In this assignment, I will try to discuss relevant ideas that have come up in the course materials so far, particularly in Carters book, analyse features of this language data and in conclusion summarise my own views on creativity that are found in everyday language with reference to the data sample. First I shall attempt to analyse the transcript from the E301 audio material and later explain how this fits in with the ideas of Carter. From what I can tell, the transcript is basically a chit-chat between three women, who seem to be more than colleagues, so actually three friends. What they are talking about was rather hard to understand because firstly, they all sound the same and secondly as it is informal talk the facilitating of turn-taking is not put very clearly and instances of interruption and laughter add to the confusion. Spoken creativity may be more prevalent in certain types of social context and within certain types of interpersonal relationship. (Carter p. 147) I will also research Carters idea on the CANCODE corpus that he has linked to creativity in verbal repetition and a wide range of figures of speech like idiom, proverbs and hyperbole. According to Carter, it is not possible to define creativity an a wholly formalist way because in spoken interaction, what counts as creative use can vary according to the dynamic established as part of the dialogue. But Sacks argues that ordinary talk has to be achieved and is a human, social and creative accomplishment which is far from being ordinary. Some speech figures pass unnoticed as normal, routine and even pre-formulated units and in some cases, the same figures are drawn to the attention of the speakers. The purpose of creative language in everyday common speech is highly varied and may include: offering a new way of seeing the content of a message; making humorous remarks; underlining what is communicated; expressing a particular attitude; including negative and adversarial attitudes; making the speakers identity more manifest; playing with language form to entertain others; ending one bit of talk and starting another or simply oiling the wheels of the conversation. (Carter, p.148) Creativity almost always depends on interpretation of intentions and inferences of the participants. It is perhaps best to start by explaining how Carters model of literariness is used for the analysis because the results reveal that speech is dependant on itself and includes examples of stylistic and lexical features, words of contrast at text and sound level, parallelism, evocative descriptive language and cross-sentential repetition. The Greece Tourist Guide for example is dependant on medium and carries examples of archaic and syntactic features, emotive action words, evocative descriptive language, polysemy and displaced interaction. To put it bluntly, it is very hard, not to say difficult to measure which text is more literary except if the two texts have an identical genre. At this point I am now going to give a definition of literary language or literariness. Literary language refers to a particular language or language variety used in literature and also refers to a type of language a style or mode of expression associated with literary genres such as poetry, narrative fiction or drama, whilst literariness refers to the quality of literature or literary language. If used to refer to language in more everyday context, these terms will tend to focus on continuity with literature, such as Carters argument about a cline of literariness. (Carter, 2004) There is something in literariness known as clines. This term has a similar meaning to continuum and refers to relations along a particular dimension that are a matter of degree rather than having discrete cut-off points. Therefore this would suggest then that literariness is a matter of degree. However there is a problem suggesting that these are gradations or degrees of literariness in texts and how to measure it. As far as linguistic forms, it would seem unreasonable just to total the number of creative features used in a particular text. Whether the text is considered to be literary will not derive from the presence of more or fewer literary features and the concept of a cline or sets of clines may suggest a level of precision in the identification of literariness that is not able to be attained in practice. I now turn to Carters models of literariness. Discussing the relationship between everyday linguistic creativity and literary language brings forward the question what literary language actually is. Carter (1999) has identified three models: two established models to which he refers to as an inherency model and a socio-cultural model and more recently, a cognitive model. The inherency model sees literariness as embedding in certain properties of language: so literary language is distinct from more practical uses of language where language itself is highlighted. Jakobson (1960:356) has perceived this as the poetic function of language which focuses on the message for its own sake. This will be termed self-referential language and is language that will be referring partly to itself and not simply to entities in the external world that are the object of discussion. Even though the poetic function is quite evident in many of the examples, the researcher from whom I got this information from is of the opinion that it is the dominant, determining function of verbal art. A socio-cultural model sees literariness as socially and culturally determined; meaning it would be drawing attention to the fact that conceptions of literature vary historically and culturally. According to Eagelton, (1996) there is nothing distinctive about literary language and any text can be seen as literature if it declared by institutions or if people read it as such. Anthropological studies of literary performances in various cultural contexts also tend to take a socio-cultural view on literariness. Many studies focus on the performance in its traditional literary or theatrical sense in order to include public displays to artistic activity that are responded to aesthetically by an audience, like story-telling, song, dance or drama. However the notion is not uncommonly extended to more everyday activity in recognition of the fact that there are certain parallels between everyday and literary performance: that this notion of performance can also describe what often is found in the most ordinary of encounters, like when social actors exhibit particular attention in the delivery of a message. Cognitive models relate literary language to mental processes and according to Tannens suggestion (1989) that linguistic repetition derives from a basic human drive to repeat as a kind of cognitive argument. Cook (1994) claims that literary texts have an effect on the mind and help us to think in new ways and refresh and change our mental representations of the world: But such benefits are not confined to established literature and Cook has similar thing to say about everyday creativity or language play. In addition, Gibbs (1994) claims that human language and human understanding often are metaphorical, concluding that literary metaphor carries on and extends everyday metaphorical notions. For Carter (1999) there was some value in both inherency and socio-cultural models, and in the case of his own examples is identifies formally and in this sense is close to an inherency model. However, there is one way to find examples of verbal art in his corpus, and that is to search for instances of laughter. What people respond to as artful is consistent with a socio-cultural model and in Carters view; a cognitive model is beneficial by helping explain the prevalence of creativity in everyday language. The argument is that literariness should be seen as a cline or a series of clines and is appropriate to see texts as more or less literary rather than in terms of an opposition between literary and non-literary language. There are two main levels of creative interactions. The first is the pattern re-forming feature which is more overt, has presentational uses of figures of speech, open displays of metaphoric invention, punning, uses of idioms and departures from expected idiomatic formulations. The second pattern-forming feature is less overt, may have subconscious and subliminal repetition; parallelisms, echoes and related matchings which often result in expressions of affective convergence in implicit signals of intimacy and symmetries of feelings. Linguistic creativity is less likely to occur in contexts which involve a one-way process of information provision or professional interaction in which the main purpose is transactional and where relations between participants in a particular context might be more asymmetrical. Mapping out probabilistic in creativity onto social context is not easy to capture diagrammatically and it does not seem to allow exceptions. So it is likely that creativity will occur in informal situations. Like when colleagues working together in a department store while decorating a window together or when one discovers that the intimacy of the relationship lighten the task until the discourse becomes more populated with wordplay and creative uses of language. So, what does this tell us about creative language? It tells us four main points. Firstly, creative language use cant be captured or described or evaluated wholly by formalistic definitions. Creative functions will vary according to speakers evolving relationships, the nature of the external task demands and the changing character of social context and speech genres. Secondly, creativity is probabilistic. Creative language is more likely to occur in some contexts and in some kinds of interpersonal contact rather than in others. It would be defined with reference to an account of forms and functions but its purposes and uptake depend on a dynamic of locally negotiated processes and specific instances. These can be seen as from the outside but their meaning can only be speculated upon. This means that paradoxically, creativity is a definitely emergent, instantial category of language. Thirdly, we recognize that creativity in context is valuable but there are also many factors which constitute a context and different contextual frames which are able to work within a single context. For example humour can be a significant strategic figure which crosses over into other categorial boundaries. And fourthly, this would mean that creativity is best captured and discussed with the mind fixed on clines and continua with many points of overlap. Like in the example of the CANCODE corpus: generally speaking it is lacking in examples of language used in a working environment and in the context of business organisations. Humour is used to challenge particular practices and the role of people who have a higher position in a company. The way it works is by allowing a potentially literal statement to be made by non-literal means. But in a preliminary observation, CANCODE and pattern forming is a more female characteristic. Compared to men, women are more spontaneously creative in talk but this need to be researched more as women are not seen as to be openly contestive, adversarial or pattern-reforming in language use or to strategically use humour. As we can see, there are many ways we can identify creativity in spoken language, whether it is chit-chat between friends or in literature or even in literary contexts, creativity had many faces. Creativity can also be seen as a method on how we learn something new, for example in order to remember a progression of numbers you simply recall it by turning it into a song like Mary Had A Little Lamb. That way for example, a child from primary school would be able to remember the number progression of the number 4 by singing the tune of Mary Had A Little Lamb in his head. This method of creativity was made up for me by my mom who tried to help me in my math studies in primary school as it was my worst subject in my entire school career. Needless to say, I passed the math test with that method in primary school and even find myself using similar methods for my Open University study even today, even though it has changed a bit, but the effect has remained the same.

Good Morning, Vietnam

Good Morning, Vietnam follows disc jockey Adrian Cronauer as he is reassigned to the Armed Forces Radio Saigon airwaves in Saigon, Vietnam in 1965. Throughout the film Cronauer experiences the bombing of a G. I. bar, and attempts to start a relationship with a Vietnamese woman. However, he runs into trouble as he finds the Vietnamese culture to be very different from his own. He experiences first hand the civilian attacks as buildings are blown up without warning or reason, and the tactics behind guerilla warfare as he befriends Vietnamese citizens who he doesn’t know are actually Vietcong. His radio shows provide comic relief to all the soldiers, but infuriates his superiors as he wants to report actual news about the war to the soldiers and not just what is approved to be aired (Good Morning, Vietnam). This movie is set during the Vietnam war so, it is crucial to understand the war in order to understand this movie. In 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson took office and had to make a crucial decision on America’s limited military involvement in the Vietnam conflict. This was because of the naval incident in the Gulf of Tonkin. North Vietnamese gunboats supposedly shot at U. S. warships in the Gulf of Tonkin allowing Johnson to persuade Congress that this was an act of aggression. Thus, Johnson received a blank check to take â€Å"all necessary measures† needed to aid the United States in Vietnam (Newman). Communist leader Ho Chi Minh led the Vietcong guerillas in the North. He developed an elaborate 9,940 mile network of roads built from the North to the South to aid North Vietnam troops and the Vietcong. This network of roads was referred to as the Ho Chi Minh Trail and was the target of numerous American air strikes (Ho Chi Minh Trail). However, the creation the Ho Chi Minh trail crossed the demilitarized zone, which had been established at the 17th parallel as a combat-free zone during the Potsdam Conference (DMZ Vietnam). With tensions increasing, especially after a car bomb detonates outside the U. S. embassy in Saigon wounding two-hundred and killing two Americans and twenty Vietnamese (Vietnam War Timeline: 1965). Johnson approved the deployment of an additional 18,000 to 20,000 men and, a few months later, increased the number of U. S. troops in Vietnam to 125,000 men (Vietnam War Timeline: 1965). In protest, Buddhist monks set themselves on fire and the Vietcong used guerilla warfare tactics (Newman). In February 1965, the United States mobilized Operation Rolling Thunder, an air war against North Vietnam in an effort to stop their movement South (Vietnam War 1965-1968). Air strikes were coupled with napalm, sticky fuel-gel fire bombs which severely burn their targets, and plastic explosives, a chemical bomb which produces an explosion that is impossible to outrun (Napalm, C-4 Plastic Explosives). By the end of 1965, U. S. roop levels approached 184,300 men, while South Vietnam soldiers abandoned the cause as the North infiltrated and captured Saigon in February of 1968 in the Tet Offensive (Vietnam War Timeline: 1965). This was a surprise attack on many of the South Vietnamese capitals and American bases. The chaos and destruction seen on television on the home front caused much controversy over the United States’ involvement in the Vietnam War (Newman). The United States at this time was not just at war abroad, but also faced conflict on the home front. Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. as leading demonstrations against racial discrimination, especially at the polls (Newman). Anti-war movements also gained momentum in 1965 and peaked in 1968. The first march to Washington took place in 1967 and 1968 and were the largest anti-war movements of the time. This led to extreme pacifists following the Buddhist monk’s public burnings, as well as the public burning of draft cards, an act punishable by law (Vietnam Protest Movement). President Johnson faced dramatic opposition to the war on the home front, which only increased as the war progressed. Some argued that this was due to the relative freedom of television reporters to broadcast whatever they wanted about the war; thus, not only showing the positives, but also the downfalls in the war (Vietnam Protest Movement). Good Morning, Vietnam is entirely focused on the war as seen by those experiencing it first hand in Saigon. Therefore, the film does not greatly reflect any of these home front issues. It does however, contradict the idea of little censorship of war facts. Although on the home front journalists may have been able to report whatever they felt they wanted to share, this was not true on military airwaves (Newman). The film depicts Cronauer constantly fighting to get the true events of the war out for his listeners to hear; however, heavy censorship by the Armed Forces Radio Saigon prevent this from occurring. This creates a source of great conflict especially after a Vietcong bombing. The movie, therefore, reflects the element of surprise which was employed by the Vietcong through their guerilla warfare tactics (Good Morning, Vietnam). Before viewing this film, I knew that unusual war tactics were utilized and that people had strong opposition to the war. Yet, I felt that it was much like every other war the that the United States was involved in. This film reinforced my views as it showed the true devastation which the guerilla tactics cause through the killings of innocent civilians. When the bomb went off at Jimmy Wah’s G. I. bar, Cronauer was lucky to have been tricked into leaving by his new Vietnamese friend (Good Morning, Vietnam). All the innocent people inside, both American and Vietnamese were just unfortunate bystanders in the wrong place at the wrong time. Not only did it reinforce my view but it also altered my perceptions. This film added to my views just how much was being kept from the soldiers. This was illustrated through the identical twins who had to officially announce and approve all news which came in to the radio station before it could be read on air by Cronauer (Good Morning, Vietnam). Also, just the complete Americanization that was forced upon many of the Vietnamese was shocking to me. Although they may have been taking English classes from the American troops by themselves, just the presence of so many foreigners in their country and potentially clashing with their culture amazed me. There was no better way to feature this than with Cronauer’s love for Trinh, a Vietnamese girl. The first date with her entire family is something that would never happen in America, yet there it was totally normal (Good Morning, Vietnam). Overall, I did enjoy watching this film. It was a refreshing, yet eye opening view of the Vietnam conflict as it used humor to get the events of the war across, but also highlighted the intensity and chaos of war. It was an unusual way to see war portrayed and I found it very enjoyable. It helped me to feel the anxieties and frustration surrounding the war without focusing on just combat alone. Good Morning, Vietnam showcased the more social component to the Vietnam War which provided a fresh angle.

Population Education Essay

It’s all about people – how the human race has grown and shaped the world around us. World population has quadrupled in the past century, changing the way we use natural resources and function as societies. Population education is the ultimate multi-disciplinary field; it’s ecology, human geography, anthropology, economics, biology, public health, sociology, environmental studies, history and civics all rolled into one, with a good bit of mathematics to help us understand where we’ve come from and where we might be headed. Population education – It’s all about people — how the human race has grown and shaped the world around us. World population has quadrupled in the past century, changing the way we use natural resources and function as societies. Population education is the ultimate multi-disciplinary field; it’s ecology, human geography, anthropology, economics, biology, public health, sociology, environmental studies, history and civics all rolled into one, with a good bit of mathematics to help us understand where we’ve come from and where we might be headed. The following are the objectives of population education. 1. To provide knowledge and understanding of the prevailing situation. 2. Create awareness among the students about population matters, environment, and supply and demand of essential commodities. 3. Provide necessary skill to evaluate the impact and consequence of population growth on society. 4. To give the knowledge of population policy and population measures. 5. To provide the knowledge of causes of population growth and government’s efforts to check it. 6. To develop awareness on the population dynamics.  7. To provide the knowledge of manpower management and resource development. 8. To enable students to know the merit of small family. 9. To known the causes of urbanization and its related problems. 10. To know about the causes of deforestation and ecological imbalance. He need of Population Education is intensely felt in recent years on the wake of unprecedented population explosion. The consequences are discussed below: 1. Increase of dependent population as about half of total populations are below 18 years. 2. Growing number of people below the poverty line.  3. Deterioration in quality of life. 4. Shortage of essential commodities. 5. Depletion of natural resources. 6. Deforestation, Ecological imbalance due to environment pollution, air pollution, water pollution. 7. Increasing slum areas due to rapid industrialization. 8. The number of unemployment on the increase. What are the Effects of population to education? Woman who have a better education want to have their children later on in life, sometimes not even having any children at all. Education can stop woman from having children. Causing the population to go down, or stay the same. What is population education? It’s all about people – how the human race has grown and shaped the world around us. World population has quadrupled in the past century, changing the way we use natural resources and function as societies. Population education is the ultimate multi-disciplinary field; it’s ecology, human geography, anthropology, economics, biology, public health, sociology, environmental studies, history and civics all rolled into one, with a good bit of mathematics to help us understand where we’ve come from and where we might be headed.

Women in Frances Harper Iola Leroy, or Shadows Uplifted essays

Women in Frances Harper Iola Leroy, or Shadows Uplifted essays In the times of slavery, there were two popular stereotypes of a black female the loyal mammy and the promiscuous temptress. The former represented an adamantine, kind, unattractive, and sexless woman and it justified abusive treatment of black women on the grounds that they were impervious to pain. The latter, similarly, justified the exploitation of black women, as they were often victims of interracial coercive sex, brutality, and rape. Writings of Frances Ellen Harper are a response to such unfair historical images as she presents female characters of outstanding features of character courageous, trustworthy, devoted, virtuous, and moderate. Central to Harpers writings is her outrage at womans victimization and (...) notion that black women must resist such victimization whenever possible. In her novel Iola Leroy she introduces a variety of black and white female characters (with Iola as the protagonist) in order to present feminist issues that were an essential part of her political and social activities. Literary critics have often derided the novel for its seeming historical amnesia, myopia, and racial and sexual restraint. Iola Leroy has been neglected as a sentimental novel and, as such, was labeled also by Afro-American writers and critics - as not sufficiently authentic and aimed at readers outside the black community. However, the development of Afro-American studies and growing interest in black women writings and history allowed for the reformulation of such unflattering opinions. Obviously, Frances Harper uses the conventions of nineteenth-century womens fiction with Iola as a sentimental heroine. As Hazel V. Carby writes in her introduction to the novel, referring to Nina Bayms study of womens novels: a romance is a tale of a young woman, deprived of all support, who has to win ...

Reflection paper The Death of the West

Reflection paper The Death of the West The rationale behind reflection is to exhibit the learnt principles, speculations, and concept of bargaining as well as negotiation. One may desire to center on one particular passage or to react to the focal argument of the entire selection. It usually entails commenting on the content portrayed by the author (Palloff Pratt 71).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection paper: â€Å"The Death of the West† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Patrick Buchanan’s dogma in his manuscript, â€Å"The Death of the West† is no exception in this critical realm. The book’s opinions on the reduced population growth rate in the western nations with a concurrent enormous immigration from the third world nations is threatening from the authors perspective. Description of the elucidated concepts demonstrates a reflection and learning beyond just summarizing what the author illuminates. It is factual that the book offers crucial information regarding immigration and birth control in western nations; nonetheless, a reflection structured from these concerns thwarts numerous opinions and demonstrates a very different view. An obvious reflection that captivates when one has his/her first encounter with the book is the title, which from appearance creates numerous mixed reactions before one knows the real contents of the book. The title, â€Å"The Death of the West† is perceivable from different perspectives of which one of them can be an anticipated attack from the cruel terrorists who mercilessly kill the innocent. This perspective equally elicits a daunting threat since most terrorist attacks have always targeted the western nations either directly or indirectly. Another prediction is a destructive natural calamity, which may at one time confront these cherished nations. The disillusionment comes after reading between the lines and elucidating that the author was merely resistan t to the inevitable changes that the world is posing. This is evident by the author’s expression of thoughts that immigration of people into the western countries can also be a threat if not monitored. Buchanan’s viewpoints and observations elicit numerous critical responses. It is illustratable that the author is an extreme conservative who is averse to acknowledge the inevitable changes and the consequences that come along with them. This is evident considering his fears about the uncertainties of the future since he is not ready to accept them. Manifestations come when the author airs his qualms about the dying Euro-American populations He is not ready for the racial diversity and the future varied population masses in different countries of the West. Being a conservative, he cannot admit the reality but gets extra irritated with the emerging population trends.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On scrutiny, he is only foreseeing a future population dominated by â€Å"blacks and Latinos† This is apparent when he raises his concern on the endless massive immigration and diminishing birth rates in the western nations. Buchanan fights to elucidate what characterizes the West, and whether anything will clasp the West together as a community. Critically, this thought has no emergent nations in its contents hence drawing a clear line between the duos. The author may be one of the greatest racists ever met on earth. This is evident in his alienated opinions of which most of them are against the idea of having more blacks than whites in the near future. It creates an illusion that other races are worthless and never on earth should they exist more than they currently do. He generally observes third world states to be of no value and their movement to western countries is uncalled for, instead, they are infringing. A reflection on such perceptions reveals some elements of selfishness. As nations, globally campaign against racism, Buchanan has taken another challenging and well-orchestrated approach to enhance the development of this particular vice. This creates some questionable remarks, as it is notable that most western nations are still the highest in the population gauges even though they endeavor to minimize their birth rates. If this is the case, then why should they worry about the less populated poor immigrants? Concurrently, the author is only concerned with the white populations and cares very little about the black population. Are the blacks lesser beings? Buchanan is simply a revisionist. He backs an intermittent tendency within the Communist faction to amend â€Å"Marxist theory† in a manner providing a justification to retreat from the revolutionary setting to the reformist movement. Additionally, it is certain that the writer had some sense when he talked of how international organizat ions usually perform shoddily but possess an overstated sagacity of their own significance. Similarly, what the Western nations do greatly influence them than stuffs done to them. Arguably, supremacy enjoyed by the Americas republican societies is not affecting positively on them since most immigrants are attracted to this very supremacy. Buchanans ultimate contemplation on the query of reasons behind the west’s death is nearly similar to the rest of his earlier thoughts. It is apparent that the territories of his interests had initially acquired a thorough tackling in the racialist literature. It is comprehensible that the author has no interest in the racialist squabble.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection paper: â€Å"The Death of the West† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He declines to regard the Holocaust or Jewish apprehensions as well as influence when tackling his themes. It is arguable that the author is aware of the many daunting problems that western nations are undergoing, but diverts his attention to the other insignificant ones under the pretext that he is foreseeing an unbearable future. Worse still, he suspects this predicament to derive from the mounting nations from which his undying disgusts originate. It is lucid that the author’s cause of discrepancy on the phenomenon is in immigration sector. The birth rates in these populated western nation is an insignificant threat hence its rating as a major concern for the anticipated population drop is less vital in this arena. Apparently, he deliberately takes an undue cover with the issue of birth control rates in the western nations. He senses the tribulations that the West is confronting but has withdrawn so faraway from the frontlines that his mind is unsteady with fruitless attempts to recognize other origins, and remedies to the troubles. Buchanan has done an excellent job of recognizing indicatio ns of the West’s future predicaments; it is now upon the experts to draft the measures for the desired remedy. Buchanan deduces numerous uncertainties, which he is unable to pinpoint explicitly. Considering statistics and facts demonstrated in the prior chapters, he fumbles to spot the root sources of the tribulations stemming the West’s downfall. He hurls a combination of reasons to elucidate the disgrace. His endless list encompassing the decline in the universal faith as well as religion, legitimately recognized abortion and family planning, sexual mutiny, and Women’s freedom, is not evident enough to support his ill-fated claims. Buchanan considers Christianity as dented or destabilized from its disintegration commencing with the rectification. Evidently, the author is in support of Catholic as a universal form of Christianity since his disgust culminates from the catholic disintegration into other churches (Christerson, Edwards Emerson 81). For Buchanan, t hese incongruent proceedings merge into a fall in family income and the social pressures of Karl Marx and other legendary Communist revolutionaries. On personal experiences and insights, immigration into a given nation cannot influence negatively on that particular country if logical and legal measures are in force, and embraced. No continent can be a no man’s land hence coexistence is equally paramount. The accumulation movement of the inhabitants of the third world states to the West is of a mutual gain.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The immigrants might be in a dare need of employment while the host country will eventually enjoy the provided work force for its desired developments. It is less rational enough to contemplate that the immigrant’s number will augment large enough to the extent of replacing the population deficit created by the restricted birth rates experienced by the western nations. Concurrently, Buchanan’s depiction of the practiced family planning is not near the desired rational as to why the movement and campaign was made. Birth control is vital in the achievement of the desirable living standards. People should scrutinize this from an awkward perspective as the author predicts. In conclusion, since a reflection paper is a discourse amid the reader and the presented reading material, it is vital during critical analysis of the article in question. Buchanans book targets a mass audience, and evades the scholarly challenge one would anticipate from a manuscript dealing with such a n astonishing presage. It is factual that the concerns over immigration have surfaced in many western nations and very little can be staged to curb the trend. Alongside, the restriction in birth rates has done extremely good for many lives but not as perceived by the author. It is this section of Death of the West that is superlatively written and mainly revealing: however, the book’s subjection to a reflection analysis thwarts most of the elucidated facts to be merely empty and meant to elicit undue threats. Christerson, Brad. Edwards, Korie. Emerson, Michael. Against all odds: the struggle for racial integration in religious organizations. New York, NY: NYU Press, 2005. Print. Palloff, Rena. Pratt, Keith. The virtual student: a profile and guide to working with online learners. California, CA: John Wiley and Sons, 2003. Print.

Delegates and Electors in the United States Assignment

Delegates and Electors in the United States - Assignment Example Electors, however, are people that represent a state’s electoral votes for president and vice president after the presidential election is held (Janda, 48). Delegates are selected from all states either through primary elections, caucuses or even for their prominence in the party. In this regard, the delegates of a particular political party will vote in a presidential candidate who they feel has the party’s best interests. They also consider the competitiveness and the likelihood of the candidate to give the party a win in the general election. On the other hand, electors are chosen by voters from the fifty States plus the District of Columbia and total up to 538. The candidate who receives a majority of the elector’s votes becomes the president and his/her running mate the vice president. Each of the two sets of groups, the delegates and electors, play a decisive part in selecting the president of the United States. The delegates are crucial in the nomination of a political party’s presidential candidate and therefore significantly influence the option presented to the people in the general election. Candidates become the official party flag bearers after a vote is taken by the particular party’s delegates to the presidential nominating conventions. The delegates, in so doing take their cue from the voters' decision during the party primaries and caucuses. It is important to note that the rules for selecting delegates vary by party; by state, and also by congressional district. The electors are too necessary to be assumed as well. It is the electors that decide for the People who the president of the United States of America will be in an election. Each state has a number of electors that is equivalent to the number of both the senators and representatives combined. On the day of elections, voters in each state, choose electors based on their preferred presidential candidates. It is these elected people, forming the Electoral College, that vote for the president and the vice president, with each elector casting one single vote. Â   Â  

Canada's Missing And Murdered Aboriginal Women Essay

Canada's Missing And Murdered Aboriginal Women - Essay Example Canada's Missing And Murdered Aboriginal Women In order for the government to redeem its look in the eyes of the public, it has to consider the extent at which it has indicated the dedication towards the solving of the disappearance case (Cbc par5). Since the issue has blown into different parameters, the government ought to consider the potential implication of the disappearances by setting up a national public inquiry, better police intercommunication and improving the relations between the aboriginal and non-aboriginal more so in the police relations. The issue of the disappearance of the women can be best explained using the highway of tears. This is documentation of the number of deaths that have taken place in an 800 km stretch between Prince George and Prince Lupert. The documentation covered the number of the disappearances to be between 18 according to the official information, however, the aboriginal leaders place the number of the women that disappeared to be up to 43 people from 1969-2011. The lack of a conclusive solution to the murdershas often been linked to the assumptions that the government is not keen on the investigations owing to the racial orientations of most of the victims. The issue that most of the reports overlooks is the races of the victims of the murders. Over half of all the people that died in the highway of tears are aboriginal. This is the main aspect that the proponents of the racial discrimination possibility use to argue for their assertion.

What are dynamic capabilities and how do they differ from static Essay

What are dynamic capabilities and how do they differ from static capabilities - Essay Example It is basically hands on situation where a problem arise you solve it without having any planned solution in mind. This means that although knowledge may exist in people it can only be expressed within the organisation. As Winter said 'firms are organisations that know how to do things' (Winter, 1988, p.175). Winter is emphasizing the importance of being a part of an organization that is you are most likely to tackle a problem depending on the situation. Tacit knowledge is tough to replicate or imitate. If possible, it can only be transferred through teaching by example, and then this is only the case with knowledge which is observable. Thus this makes an organisational capability into a source of maintaining competitive advantage. Dynamic capabilities, as known today, are a set of specific and identifiable processes such as product development or strategic decision making with expected outcomes. They are detailed, analytic and stable processes for globalized manufacturing companies to continuously improve their performance and gain competitive advantage through establishing new plants and shutting down non-performing units. Thus dynamic capability is "a learned and stable pattern of collective activity through which the organization systematically generates and modifies its operating routines in pursuit of improved effectiveness" (Zollo and Winter, 2002). This proves that dynamic capabilities are procedures and understandings that help organizations to develop more competent practices and search for more efficient technologies, new or improved products and manufacturing process. According to Teece, Pisano and Shuen, many strategy scholars remain doubtful about the value of the concept of "dynamic... Dynamic capabilities, as known today, are a set of specific and identifiable processes such as product development or strategic decision making with expected outcomes. They are detailed, analytic and stable processes for globalized manufacturing companies to continuously improve their performance and gain competitive advantage through establishing new plants and shutting down non-performing units. Thus dynamic capability is â€Å"a learned and stable pattern of collective activity through which the organization systematically generates and modifies its operating routines in pursuit of improved effectiveness†. This proves that dynamic capabilities are procedures and understandings that help organizations to develop more competent practices and search for more efficient technologies, new or improved products, and manufacturing process. According to Teece, Pisano, and Shuen, many strategy scholars remain doubtful about the value of the concept of â€Å"dynamic capabilities.† Though it is seen as a key to competitive advantage, critics rather believe that they are born and not made meaning they are skeptical about them being the intentional genuine option for managers instead. However one can only accept this proposal productive only if it is widely adopted.

Martin Luther King and Henry DavidThoreau Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther King and Henry DavidThoreau Essay However with different motives; Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry David Thoreau were both admirable men that strived for a better government. As respected spokesmen they served as rebels against what they thought to be bad ones stopping at nothing. Not even jail. Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr. were both brilliant men. Thoreaus Civil Obedience and Dr. Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail are perfect examples of their intellect. Looking at these documents and observing the tactics they use while attempting to move their audience toward their ultimate goal, one can see the finesse that both men possessed. Thoreau and Dr. King lived during two different centuries. So being that they were vocalist and activist on the current issues its almost certain that they would have a different motive. Even though their motive was poles apart, differing in many ways, both Thoreau and Dr. King wrote with the aspiration of obtaining a new form of government presumably resembling the republican one we exercise today. Although awfully controversial, to do so both men felt nonverbal actions such as breaking the laws was the only effective way. In spite of the fact that its relatively ironic, they viewed going to jail in order to make a mockery of an immoral or impractical laws put in place by the government was the very highest respect for law (King para. 5).Henry David Thoreau motive for rebelling against the government was to make it more of a democratic one. He had no respect for the way it was being ran. His proclaimed problem basically summed up to be that he felt the government was being ran like a monarchy, or in other words by a selective few and not an entire society as it should. It simply wasnt up to par according to his standards; for he stated this I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government (para. 4).Unlike Henry David Thoreau, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was an African American during the times of segregation. This alone is a critical manipulating variable in the equation of why the twos motive wasnt the same. Dr. King was all about helping America move towards a desegregated future. He had zeal towards annihilating all unjust laws which he stated to be a code inflicted upon a minority which that minority had no part in enacting or creating (para. 4), but for the most part he had an overall respect for the government. In conclusion, its safe to say that other than race and motive Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr. were pretty similar. They both were men of their own opinion that could be classified as moralized radicals. As spokesmen of their time they were both good at what they did. Through the form of speeches, protest, letters, and etcetera they both exemplified Civil Disobedience (Thoreau). Thoreau, Henry D. Civil Disobedience. New York: Barnes Noble Books, 1849. 263-287. King Jr., Dr. Martin L. Letter from Birmingham City Jail. 16 Apr.-May 1963. Birmingham: Charles Moore, 1963. 1.

Alias Grace :: Alias Grace

Alias Grace  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on a notorious double murder in Canada in the1840's, the novel Alias Grace tells the story of a pretty 16 year-old servant girl who conspired with a ranch hand to kill their employer and his mistress and escape with their belongings. They were captured in several days, and later, in a much-publicized trial, found guilty of premeditated murder. The young man, James McDermott, was sentenced to death, and the girl, Grace Marks, narrowly escaped it. Alias Grace begins after the murderess has served 8 years in prison.   The death of Nancy Montgomery, Kinnear's housekeeper and mistress, has been disregarded as both villains had already been sentenced to death. Grace is around thirty years old, being accused of the crimes when she was only sixteen. Grace is in prison where she has been mentally tortured during her rotation from prison to asylum over time. Doctors who wish to "examine" her frequently visit. She now has a subconscious aversion to these doctors and the world which she knows. She has become accustomed to being silent and unseen. A young doctor, Dr. Simon Jordan, has taken an interest in Grace. Dr. Jordan is from a wealthy family and of good name, but he is more interested in studying abroad about sanity and those enclosed in asylums rather than interest at home. He has little experience in dealing on a personal basis with the question of sanity of patients, but is intrigued by this fabulously sensationalized murderess. A group that has continuously tried for the pardon of Grace Marks has recruited the doctor with hopes that he will find Grace sane and innocent on all counts of murder.   Dr. Jordan's main purpose is to help recover the lost memory of the time during the murders. This memory which some to believe was conveniently forgotten helped convict her during the trial; almost as if she had admitted to the killings. During the course of his visits with Grace, Dr. Jordan encourages her to tell of her life before the murders. Grace begins her story with her family in Scotland. Grace had been left with her abusive father and the smaller children after her mother died on the passage to America. A trip taken for necessity rather that need: for her father was in a bit of financial trouble in Scotland. Grace is sent out in Canada as a servant.

Iris By the Goo Goi dolls

And I'd give up forever to touch you ‘Cause I know that you feel me somehow You're the closest to heaven that I'll ever be And I don't want go home right now And all I can taste is this moment And all I can breathe is your life When sooner or later it's over I Just don't want miss you tonight And I don't want the world to see me ‘Cause I don't think that they'd understand When everything made to be broken I Just want you to know who I am And you can't fight the tears that mint coming Or the moment of truth in your lies When everything feels like the moviesIris was written by the and John Organize. John Organize was approached to write a song for the movie City of Angels soundtrack, and so he wrote â€Å"Iris†. This song propelled the band to stardom, as it stayed on top of Billboard Hot 100 Airplay charts for a record-breaking 18 weeks, and was nominated for three Grammas that year.According to several Interviews with Rezoned, he was experiencing serious sessions o f writer's block when he was asked to write , and was about to quit the band Just days before he wrote the song that would launch the band to worldwide fame-The song was released on April 7, 1998. Consider the song to be a part of the genre pop rock. It is slow in the verses but speeds up in the chorus. It has strong guitar and drum sounds which give it the rock feel.I think he wrote it from the perspective of an angel in love p in which the angel is completely gaga over the woman and feeling things he's never felt before but at the same time wanting to keep it private because he's afraid that if it becomes of the material world then it will lose it's purity. It's a love song about the conflict between what your heart is urging you to do and what your head is telling you is the mart thing to do. I watched the Go Go dolls on VHF talking about this song and what it meant.They said they watched the film ‘City of Angels† and that the song is about an angel who falls for a mo rtal woman. Which is why it says â€Å"I'd give up forever to touch you†, â€Å"you're the closest to heaven that I've ever been† â€Å"and to bleed Just to know you're alive†. He wants to be with her and gives up an eternity in heaven Just to spend a moment with a woman he fell in love with.Like the song because it helps me through through hard times sometimes Just slightly easing the pain and Just let me ponder about things. I do have a particular connection to it because it explains some of my feelings like â€Å"you bleed Just to know you're alive† and â€Å"when everything meant to be broken† sometimes people go through hardships in life, sometimes very small and stupid things that change your perspective in the way you see and experience things. It makes me feel sad moieties.It makes me feel like I'm not the only person that is going through hard times. I actually mostly listen to the cover of this song that is played and sung by Sleeping Wit h Sirens. Keeling (the guy who is from Sleeping With Sirens that sings it) has a very sweet voice that kind of lulls you to sleep when you listen to him. It makes me think of things going on in my life and how it relates to the lyrics. I would choose to listen to this song when I'm feeling down. Like I said before makes me think like I'm not the only person in the world who is going through hardships.

Finland Case Essay

Finland, the country of ice has been a major force in Formula 1 for the last two decades. A country with a population of about 5.3 million (0.44% of India’s population) has produced 3 F1 champions (Keke Rosberg, Mika Hakkinen, Kimi Raikkonen) and another 4 made it to F1 whereas India has had just a single entry i.e. Narain Karthikayen in all these years. Seems like automobile racing in Finland is just like cricket in India. It just runs in the veins of the Finns. The 1st Finnish driver to enter the formula1 racing scene was Leo Kinnunen. Kinnunen had a short stint in F1 which included just 6 races (1 start and 5 DNQ’s) and had no success in those. He raced for the team AAW Racing Team and used the Surtees TS16 car with the Cosworth V8 engine in it. The main reasons due to which Kinnunn couldn’t succeed in F1 were that his car was underpowered than the other cars and also the team was not allowed to get the top quality tyres from the manufacturers. And at that point of time tyres played an immense role in the result of races in F1. During these 6 races the team faced technical difficulties in almost every race. And then due to lack of funding the team had to retire from F1 and thus also ending Leo Kinnunen’s carreer in F1. In all Kinnunen played a role of historic importance by being the last driver to wear the open-face helmets in F1. Next was Mikko Kozarowitzky in 1977. He had a â€Å"blink and you will miss† stint in F1 as he just raced a total of 2 races for RAM Racing Team with no successes. Unfortunately he broke his hand while trying to avoid an accident during practice session after which his racing team wanted him to try qualifying in the spare car with broken hand, which lead to spats between him and the team. Eventually he quit the team and retired from F1. Then came Keijo Erik Rosberg in 1978, popularly known as Keke Rosberg. He became the 1st Finnish driver to win the Formula 1 championship in 1982. Keke debuted in 1978 with the Theodore team and came in the limelight during his second race which he won under treacherous rainy conditions on the track. Rosberg was then signed by ATS in the same season but they car they provided was uncompetitive so he moved back to Theodore again. After that Keke had to move to Fittipiladi forcibly as his former team quit F1. 1981 was a lean period in which he did not score even a single point. Keke’s career got a lifeline in 1982 when he was signed by Williams. He went on to win his 1st race this season and also went on to win the championship with 44 points. This was a season when no driver had won more than 1 race and the time when Ferrari were facing problems with their car. Rosberg moved to Mclaren in the 1986 season but was given an underpowered car compared to his team mate Alain Prost. He retired soon after the season from F1 as the accident of one his friend(Elio Di Angelis) deeply affected him. Mika Hakkinen joined F1 in 1991. He joined the Lotus team and scored his 1st points in his third race for the team. He joined Mclaren as a test driver 1993 with the hopes that some day he would be promoted to be their race driver. He got his chance soon enough when one of the Mclaren’s racers left the team. He had a nice debut in which he almost beat Ayrton Senna, his team mate. But this dream start for Mclaren was not to be as he went into the pit wall while trying too hard. He came 2nd in his second race for Mclaren. When Senna left Mclaren in 1994, Mika became their main driver and went on to race for the team till his retirement in 2001. In all these years he won 2 championships for Mclaren during the year 1998 and 1999. He won a total of 20 races in his career. The most by any Finn till date and is the most successful Finnish driver till now in F1. He could have been more succesful has Mclaren got a better car in the year of 1995 and 1996.He is currently an ambassador for the Drink Responsibly campaign by Johnny Walker. Mika Salo was racing along side while Hakkinen was racing for Mclaren. He too started with Lotus in 1994 but raced only the last race that season. But when Lotus did not return for the next season, he moved on to Tyrell for the next 3 years where he scored points some times. He then joined Arrows in 1998 but he didn’t race for the team full time in 1999. Salo was selected as a subsitute driver for Schumacher in 1999 during the time when Schumi was injured. He then showed his potential in a better car. He almost won his 1st race while being at Ferrari but was asked to give way to team-mate Eddie Irvine by the Ferrari team as he had chance of winning the championship. Eddie in turn gifted the trophy to him for his gesture. Salo then raced for Sauber and Toyota and eventually quit F1 in 2002 after he was fired by toyota for not giving results. Kimi Raikkonen, popularly known as the Iceman is another great Finnish F1 driver. He started his career with Sauber in 2001. Being relatively inexperienced there were concerns whether he should be granted the super license. But Kimi won his 1st points in his very 1st race. He then moved on to Mclaren in 2002 to take the seat that was left vacant when his fellow countryman Mika retired. He went on to race for Mclaren till 2006 but he did not have much success as he faced a lot of technical failures with the team. But he did win his 1st race in 2003. And went on to be second in the drivers championships in the year 2003 and 2005. Kimi then shifted to Ferrari in 2007 to take the place of Micheal Schumacher and he also became the highest paid F1 driver in the process. He won his 1st Championship in 2007 with Ferrari and raced for them till 2009. After that his contract was not renewed by Ferrari and he has taken a break from F1 for the time being and will be racing in the World Rally championships for the Citroen team. The latest Finn in F1 is Heikki Kovalainen. He started his F1 career in the year 2004 and became the test driver for Renault. He did the testing duties till 2006 and was eventually promoted in the year 2007 to be the race driver for the team. He had a mixed start to his racing career and he finished the season at 7th place with 30 points that year with the record of finishing most number of consecutive races(16) from the start of his career. The next year as Mclaren had problems with Alonso they signed Heikki as their driver. This seemed to be a major boost to his career. In 2008 he set fire on the track as he set the fastest laps of the race at almost every track that year. But he could not convert these into victories but he had his 1st victory that year at Hungary. The year 2009 was a disappointment. The car faced a lot of problems in the starting. KERS was being deployed for the 1st time and overall he could not perform up to his potential. With Lotus F1 coming back to the F1 scene and confirming Heikki as their driver for next year a lot is expected from him. Lets see what this Finn does next year and can he become the fourth Finnish driver to win the F1 TITLE.

Transitioning from Nonfiction to Fiction Writing

Transitioning from Nonfiction to Fiction Writing First of all, it is possible. Ernest Hemingway and William Kennedy moved from journalism; Sue Monk Kidd from memoir; and C. S. Lewis from essays and treatises. Sue Monk Kidd states that the most frequently-asked question on her book tours is, â€Å"How did you go from nonfiction to fiction?† Here are some tips and support to help you make the transition: You need to transition your reading, as well. Read your most-admired authors and new fiction authors also. Remember, C.S. Lewis says good readers read a piece more than once. Have a plan. Stagger your writing. Perhaps write fiction and nonfiction on alternate days. Or, write your fiction first, then go back to the nonfiction you’re more comfortable with once you’ve met your word count in the other. Writing fiction is a discipline for which you have been well-trained through your nonfiction deadlines. Produce five to ten pages a day faithfully! Try flash fiction first. Because it is short, it is easier to start with and there are numerous contests listed in FundsforWriters newsletter. Your nonfiction themes can find a home in your fiction. For instance, C. S. Lewis’ themes concerned Christianity which he incorporated into his fiction (Chronicles of Narnia) without being didactic or preachy. The skill sets you have developed while writing nonfiction will serve you well in fiction also. These include: 1) Attention to detail. Your descriptions of the who, what, where, why and how will help you in plotting fiction and in description. 2) Interviewing. Interview your characters on what they think about - religion, politics or an event - just as you would a source. 3) Sense of place. Your knowledge of a place garnered from nonfiction can serve you well in fiction. William Kennedy reported on Albany, NY first for the Albany Times Union and then set his cycle of Albany novels there. Readers always want to see a place with which they are familiar portrayed accurately, and your nonfiction experience of place sets you apart. 4) Journal Writing. Your journal or dream journal writing can help with both plot and productivity. This angle also falls in the category of â€Å"write what you know.† 5) Research. Nonfiction research is helpful to fiction. You’ll get that time or place right, but William Kennedy talks about the danger of research: â€Å"And so I got hooked on research, couldn’t get out from under the library’s microfilm machine until I finally realized I was doing myself a great disservice; because your imagination can’t absorb all that new material and synthesize it easily.â€Å" Finally, William Kennedy describes the difference between nonfiction and fiction: â€Å"But the journalist must report on life objectively, and the novelist must reinvent life utterly, and the work has to come up from below instead of down from the top as a journalist receives it. But experience alone will produce only commonplace novels. The real work is a blend of imagination and language.† Source for quotes: Allen, Douglas and Mona Simpson, â€Å"William Kennedy: The Art of Fiction 111,† Paris Review, Winter, 1989.

U.S. Economic Warfare during World War II Essay Example

U.S. Economic Warfare during World War II Essay Example U.S. Economic Warfare during World War II Essay U.S. Economic Warfare during World War II Essay The United States has been considered as one of the powerhouse country in the world. Its booming economy and strong leadership have been the epitome of economic and political success. But the U.S. was not always at the top of the heap. In the early 1900s, during the start of World War I, the U. S. economy was largely dependent on overseas trading but when the war broke out; it dramatically halted economic trading because they were no longer able to sell goods to other countries particularly to Britain and Germany (Hardgrove n.p). War had become an inevitable part of the history of the United States. They have engaged in several battles and confrontations with other nations and even with their fellow Americans as well. So far, the U.S. had participated in numerous wars dating back to the civil war to the present Iraq war.However, it was in the First and Second World Wars that the U.S. had a major participation that resulted in the restoration of peace and order across the globe. Also, it was during this period that the U.S. economy both experienced economic escalation and at the same time fiscal recession. It became an   unfavorable situation towards the end of the 1930s when WWI facilitated the manifestation of the Great Depression in the U.S. that resulted to an economy with a huge â€Å"disparity between U.S. productive capacity and the ability of Americans to consume† (Kauffman n.p). On the other hand, it became favorable at the time of the involvement of the Americans in World War II that triggered the elimination of unemployment and beginning of the build up of the warfare mass production that molded   the U.S. economy   to become a potent and robust economy.In the early 20th century, prior to the war, the U.S. was already under recession. For almost 11 years, the economy demonstrated little progress to get out of the fiscal slump. Every incident of recovery was immediately countered with series of economic downfalls that led U.S. to become st agnant. To mitigate the effects of the recession, the government initiated several reforms in the form of the New Deal which had two versions drafted by the administration of President Roosevelt (Vatter 7). Unfortunately, this program was not able to carry out its purpose of reducing the looming unemployment rate. At this time, there were about 8 million Americans who did not have any work to provide for themselves and their families (Schultz n.p). Being an optimist and sugarcoating the situation were the only doable actions left for the government to do in order to mask the reality. The fall of the stock market, depreciation of the value of the stocks and termination of enterprises were just some of the incidents that drained the finances and purchasing power of the   average American (â€Å"The Depression in the United States†). But there came a point when the economy slightly recovered from the economic turmoil. From 1938 to 1940, the U.S. fiscal Depression streak was mo mentarily downgraded into a recessionary status. However, this only caused a more widespread demand for the government to initiate more aggressive economic measures. Economic recovery according to Vatter, â€Å"required much more massive doses of Keynesian medicine (injections of big G) than had ever been applied by the civilian New Deal in order to finally bring full employment.† (11)Generally, the Great Depression was a period filled with all-time high taxes which paralyzed the trading and exporting to neighboring nations that badly hurt the industrial and capital realm of the U.S. economy (Kauffman n.p). But towards the outbreak of the Second World War around the early 1940’s, government spending for the impending war in Europe and Asia gradually alleviated the effects of the collapse of the economy. From the commencement of the war until its culmination, the U.S. economy had taken advantage of the many fiscal opportunities that transformed the depressed economy int o a booming economy (Vatter 9).The wartime economy had brought dramatic changes in the lives of many Americans. First, full time employment was made available thus raising the â€Å"overall standard of living.† Second, labor union membership expanded from 10 million before the start of the war to 15 million members in total when the war ended, thus making labor union movements more powerful. Third, agricultural profits soared but the quantity of farmers declined because most of them opted to work in city factories. Lastly, the investements made during wartime seemed to have proven the assumptions of Keynesian economics (Modern American Poetry ). U.S involvement in the war â€Å"brought into operation Keynesian deficit spending of sufficient magnitude to end twelve years of mass unemployment† (Vatter 14). More so,The stimulating effect of World War II on the US economy is frequently cited as the spark that brought and end to the Great Depression, but it was not just a s park. Defense spending was the difference between the depressed 1930s and the booming 1940s. (Hooks 2)In effect, the economic boost combined with the World War II participation of the U.S. have altered the American society. Government officials were so overwhelmed by the their involvement in the war that they have neglected to launch economic and social reforms needed in order to sustain their fiscal growth. As a result, longer working days were prompted to increase the industrial production. Also, to lessen the possibility of having labor scarcity, the federal government â€Å"ignored laws regulating the employment of children and women.† As a result, the number of school dropouts skyrocketed and about 1 million of them comprised the labor workforce of the entire country. As the government continued to focus on wartime spending, the living condition of most Americans started to decline because of the cutbacks made on the implementation of social reforms. Poverty began to be a concern amidst high wages. It had been   â€Å"reported that 20 million Americans were on the border of subsistence and starvation and 25% of all employed Americans earned less than 64 cents an hour, while skilled workers often earned $7 or $8 an hour† (â€Å"The Depression in the United States†).Regardless of the social reform setbacks, civilian employment opportunities remained high as the war progressed. There was a dramatic surge in employment rate in the private and military industry while unemployment fell â€Å"from over 8 million to about 1 million, even as the civilian labor force held constant at about 56 million† (Vatter 17). This indicated that the economy of the United States has completely recovered from its recessionary state 5 years ago. Government spending on the warfare had clearly paid off resulting to a historical increase in mass production that produced large amounts of national profits as well as individual disposable incomes and at th e same time have upgraded the labor conditions.The victory of the Allied forces brought peace and order throughout the world. Howecer, in the US, it was a different story. Many believed that since the war was over, production will be lessened since there will be no more need for generating war equipment. But this was just one of the few side effects of the war. However, in the larger scale, â€Å"the war had not only decisively ended the Great Depression, but it created the conditions for productive postwar cooperation between the federal government, private enterprise, and organized labor, the parties whose tripartite collaboration helped engender continued economic growth after the war† (Tassava n.p).Since the U.S. became an economic powerhouse, American government officials decided to be of help to countries devastated by the war to indirectly show to the world that they are in control of the global economic activities.   They gave financial aid to Europe amounting to â €Å"13 billion through the Economic Recovery Program (ERP) or the Marshall Plan from 1947 to 1951.†Ã‚   Japan also received $1.8 billion in 1945. The Americans linked the economic restoration of West Germany, Great Britain, France and Japan with their own import and export needs to further their economic goals (Tassava n.p).As Alan Milward, an economic historian, had said;â€Å"the United States emerged in 1945 in an incomparably stronger position economically than in 1941 By 1945 the foundations of the United States economic domination over the next quarter of a century had been secured† This may have been the most influential consequence of the Second World War for the post-war world.† (qtd. in Tassava â€Å"The American Economy during World War II†)After the Second World War, the United States emerged as the worlds largest, and strongest, economy. U.S. citizens were assured that their economy will never go back to its depression days. Their fruits of la bor have produced the â€Å"the largest peacetime trade surplus in American history and the gross national product grew to a record $482.7 billion by the end of the 1950s† (â€Å"United States Economy†).World War II saved the United States from further economic turmoil. Without it, mass production would have not materialized thus the supply of millions of employment to many Americans would have not at all been possible. It can be surmised that this historical event was a blessing in disguise for the U.S. It served as the catalyst that forever configured the U.S. economic system and the American society. If it there have not been a war, the need to mass produce would not have materialized and that the U.S. could have remained inactive and unproductive for a long time leaving their potentials and resources unexplored.   More so, most Americans benefited and enjoyed the advantages of having a thriving economy. As a result, the U.S. became the center for wealth and devel opment and their way of living have become an international standard that other nations adhere and aspire to achieve. Clearly, the economic warfare of the 1940s have greatly affected the U.S. position as the leading country in the world.Hardgrove, Kristen. â€Å"United States Involvement in WWI.† 12 November 2007. 26 May 2008 socyberty.com/History/United-States-Involvement-in-WWI. 57905.Hooks, Gregory. Forging the Military-Industrial Complex: World War II’s Battle of the Potomac. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991.Kauffman, Kristina. â€Å"Modern American Economic History†. 26 May 2008 http://members.aol.com/kmkauffman/EconRead.htm.Schultz, Stanley. â€Å"American History 102.† 1999. Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. 26 May 2008 http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures/lecture21.html.Tassava, Christopher. â€Å"The American Economy during World War II.† EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. 26 May 2008 htt p://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/tassava.WWII.â€Å"The Depression in the United States.† Modern American Poetry.   26 May 2008 english.uiuc.edu/maps/depression/overview.htm.â€Å"United States Economy.† 2007. Encyclopedia of the Nations. 26 May 2008 nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/United-States-ECONOMY.html.Vatter, Herald G. The US Economy in World War II. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.